Table 4.
Relative Risks for Progression to Advanced Age-Related Macular Degeneration by Frequency of Fish Intake and by Frequency of Fish Intake Within Strata of Linoleic Acid Intake
| No. of Servings of Fish per Week | P Value (Trend) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| <1 | 1 | ≥2 | ||
| By Frequency Alone | ||||
| Median intake | 0.07 | 0.14 | 0.43 | … |
| Adjusted RR* | 1.0 | 1.24 | 0.87 | .42 |
| Multivariate RR 1 (95% CI)† | 1.0 | 1.31 (0.79–2.18) | 0.95 (0.53–1.71) | .58 |
| Multivariate RR 2 (95% CI)‡ | 1.0 | 1.30 (0.78–2.16) | 0.88 (0.49–1.60) | .42 |
| By Frequency Within Strata of Linoleic Acid Intake | ||||
| Linoleic acid intake, quartiles 1 and 2 (≤4.9 g) (n = 129) | ||||
| Median intake (servings per day) | 0.07 | 0.14 | 0.43 | … |
| Adjusted RR* | 1.0 | 0.68 | 0.79 | .83 |
| Multivariate RR 1 (95% CI)† | 1.0 | 0.68 (0.26–1.78) | 0.42 (0.16–1.08) | .07 |
| Multivariate RR 2 (95% CI)‡ | 1.0 | 0.62 (0.23–1.70) | 0.36 (0.14–0.95) | .045 |
| Linoleic acid intake, quartiles 3 and 4 (>4.9 g) (n = 132) | ||||
| Median intake (servings per day) | 0.07 | 0.14 | 0.43 | … |
| Adjusted RR* | 1.0 | 2.09 | 1.21 | .76 |
| Multivariate RR 1 (95% CI)† | 1.0 | 3.05 (1.43–6.47) | 1.78 (0.75–4.20) | .73 |
| Multivariate RR 2 (95% CI)‡ | 1.0 | 2.77 (1.26–6.08) | 2.0 (0.82–4.91) | .58 |
Abbreviations: Ci, confidence interval; RR, relative risk.
Adjusted for age-sex group (men aged 60–69 years, men aged 70–79 years, men aged ≥80 years, women aged 60–69 years, women aged 70–79 years, and women aged ≥80 years), log energy (continuous), and protein intake (quartile).
Adjusted for age-sex group (men aged 60–69 years, men aged 70–79 years, men aged ≥80 years, women aged 60–69 years, women aged 70–79 years, women aged ≥80 years), education (≥high school vs ˂high school), smoking (current, past, or never), body mass index (˂25, 25–29.9, and ≥30), systolic blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, log energy (continuous), protein intake (quartile), energy-adjusted log beta carotene intake (continuous), alcohol intake (continuous), physical activity (continuous, mean number of times per week of vigorous activity), and initial age-related macular degeneration grade (categorical).
Adjusted for variables in multivariate RR 1 plus total intake of energy-adjusted log zinc, vitamin C, and vitamin E.