Table 5.
Relative Risks for Progression to Advanced Age-Related Macular Degeneration According to Intake of Select Food Groups*
| Type of Food Group | Quartile | P Value (Trend) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | ||
| High-fat dairy | |||||
| Sample size | 70 | 59 | 63 | 67 | … |
| Median intake | 0.08 | 0.36 | 0.67 | 2.23 | … |
| Adjusted RR† | 1.0 | 1.67 | 2.09 | 1.86 | .02 |
| Multivariate RR 1 (95% CI)‡ | 1.0 | 1.92 (1.02–3.60) | 1.82 (0.99–3.35) | 1.98 (1.05–3.73) | .06 |
| Multivariate RR 2 (95% CI)§ | 1.0 | 2.08 (1.09–3.97) | 1.80 (0.96–3.38) | 1.91 (0.98–3.73) | .10 |
| Meat | |||||
| Sample size | 62 | 71 | 64 | 64 | … |
| Median intake | 0.12 | 0.38 | 0.56 | 1.16 | … |
| Adjusted RR† | 1.0 | 2.07 | 1.92 | 2.93 | .007 |
| Multivariate RR 1 (95% CI)‡ | 1.0 | 1.85 (0.98–3.48) | 1.71 (0.86–3.37) | 2.43 (1.18–5.02) | .04 |
| Multivariate RR 2 (95% CI)§ | 1.0 | 1.75 (0.91–3.34) | 1.62 (0.81–3.24) | 2.09 (0.98–4.47) | .11 |
| Processed baked goods | |||||
| Sample size | 65 | 64 | 69 | 63 | … |
| Median intake | 0.08 | 0.37 | 0.80 | 2.5 | … |
| Adjusted RR† | 1.0 | 1.25 | 1.71 | 1.59 | .10 |
| Multivariate RR 1 (95% CI)‡ | 1.0 | 1.28 (0.69–2.38) | 2.17(1.13–4.16) | 2.17 (1.08–4.38) | .01 |
| Multivariate RR 2 (95% CI)§ | 1.0 | 1.21 (0.69–2.26) | 2.02 (1.06–3.85) | 2.42 (1.21–4.84) | .005 |
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; RR, relative risk.
High-fat dairy refers to number of servings per day of whole milk, ice cream, hard cheese, and butter. Meat refers to number of servings per day of hamburger, hot dogs, processed meat, bacon, beef as a sandwich, and beef as a main dish. Processed baked goods refers to servings per day of commercial pie, cake, cookies, and potato chips.
Adjusted for age-sex group (men aged 60–69 years, men aged 70–79 years, men aged ≥80 years, women aged 60–69 years, women aged 70–79 years, women aged ≥80 years), log energy (continuous), and protein intake (quartile).
Adjusted for age-sex group (men aged 60–69 years, men aged 70–79 years, men aged ≥80 years, women aged 60–69 years, women aged 70–79 years, women aged ≥80 years), education (≥high school vs ˂high school), smoking (current, past, or never), body mass index (˂25, 25–29.9, and ≥30), systolic blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, log energy (continuous), protein intake (quartile), energy-adjusted log beta carotene intake (continuous), alcohol intake (continuous), physical activity (continuous, mean number of times per week of vigorous activity), and initial age-related macular degeneration grade (categorical).
Adjusted for variables in multivariate RR 1 plus total intake of energy-adjusted log zinc, vitamin C, and vitamin E.