Table 1.
Intranasal COVID-19 vaccines in clinical development phase.
| Vaccine platform | Type of candidate vaccine | Number of doses | Schedule (days) | Developer | Phase |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Viral vector: Replicating (VVr) | DelNS1-2019-nCoV-RBD-OPT1 (Intranasal flu-based-RBD) | 2 | 0 + 28 | University of Hong Kong, Xiamen University and Beijing Wantai Biological Pharmacy | 2 |
| Live attenuated virus (LAV) | COVI-VAC | 1–2 | 0 or 0 + 28 | Codagenix/Serum Institute of India | 1 |
| Protein subunit (PS) | CIGB-669 (RBD + AgnHB) | 3 | 0 + 14+28 or 0 + 28+56 | Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB) | 1/2 |
| Viral vector: Non-replicating (VVnr) | BBV154, Adenoviral vector COVID-19 vaccine | 1 | 0 | Bharat Biotech International Limited | 1 |
| Live attenuated virus (LAV) | MV-014-212, a live attenuated vaccine that expresses the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 | 1 | 0 | Meissa Vaccines, Incorporated | 1 |
| Viral vector: Non-replicating (VVnr) | PIV5 vector that encodes the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein | 1 | 0 | Cyanvac LLC | 1 |