Table 3.
Characteristics of the plasma-sampled patient subset by COVID and ARDS status: patients with COVID-19 and ARDS (C+A+), control patients with ARDS (C−A+), and control patients without ARDS (C−A−)
| Characteristic | Overall, n = 101a | C+A+, n = 59a | C−A+, n = 18a | C−A−, n = 24a | p valueb |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 59 (50, 71) | 58 (49, 68) | 59 (52, 67) | 69 (49, 79) | 0.4 |
| Female | 28 (27.7%) | 13 (22.0%) | 5 (27.8%) | 10 (41.7%) | 0.2 |
| Race | – | – | – | – | 0.6 |
| White | 35 (34.7%) | 18 (30.5%) | 7 (38.9%) | 10 (41.7%) | – |
| Black | 13 (12.9%) | 7 (11.9%) | 2 (11.1%) | 4 (16.7%) | – |
| Asian | 6 (5.9%) | 6 (10.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | – |
| Unspecified/other | 47 (46.5%) | 28 (47.5%) | 9 (50.0%) | 10 (41.7%) | – |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Obesity | 36 (36.0%) | 19 (32.8%) | 7 (38.9%) | 10 (41.7%) | 0.7 |
| COPD | 5 (5.0%) | 4 (6.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (4.2%) | 0.8 |
| Kidney disease | 5 (5.0%) | 3 (5.1%) | 1 (5.6%) | 1 (4.2%) | >0.9 |
| Heart disease | 11 (10.9%) | 5 (8.5%) | 1 (5.6%) | 5 (20.8%) | 0.2 |
| Diabetes | 32 (31.7%) | 17 (28.8%) | 9 (50.0%) | 6 (25.0%) | 0.2 |
| Hypertension | 47 (46.5%) | 26 (44.1%) | 10 (55.6%) | 11 (45.8%) | 0.7 |
| Liver disease | 9 (8.9%) | 3 (5.1%) | 2 (11.1%) | 4 (16.7%) | 0.2 |
| Malignancy | 23 (22.8%) | 5 (8.5%) | 9 (50.0%) | 9 (37.5%) | <0.001 |
| Acute diagnoses | |||||
| Acute MI | 10 (9.9%) | 5 (8.5%) | 2 (11.1%) | 3 (12.5%) | 0.7 |
| Septic shock | 41 (40.6%) | 21 (35.6%) | 12 (66.7%) | 8 (33.3%) | 0.045 |
| Vasopressor requirement | 83 (82.2%) | 55 (93.2%) | 15 (83.3%) | 13 (54.2%) | <0.001 |
| Laboratory values | |||||
| C-peptide | 2,087 (1,103; 4,367) | 3,487 (1,552; 5,756) | 1,436 (851; 2,819) | 1,437 (916; 2,014) | <0.001 |
| Ghrelin | 8.7 (6.8; 13.7) | 10.3 (6.5; 13.7) | 8.2 (7.0; 13.7) | 8.2 (7.0; 9.2) | 0.5 |
| GIP | 79 (34; 192) | 88 (39; 245) | 56 (28; 157) | 42 (22; 103) | 0.088 |
| GLP-1 | 27 (15; 43) | 33 (16; 56) | 22 (14; 30) | 21 (9; 37) | 0.029 |
| Glucagon | 119 (61; 262) | 169 (78; 276) | 79 (51; 182) | 96 (61; 221) | 0.11 |
| IL6 | 127 (37; 541) | 158 (32; 748) | 161 (87; 474) | 81 (37; 371) | 0.6 |
| Insulin | 1,088 (622; 2,150) | 1,112 (700; 2,292) | 1,156 (407; 3,168) | 873 (519; 1,265) | 0.3 |
| Leptin | 2,386 (718; 7,790) | 3,226 (1,186; 8,931) | 722 (472; 2,764) | 1,611 (449; 4,247) | 0.017 |
| PP | 118 (52; 292) | 145 (59; 321) | 208 (70; 292) | 66 (30; 189) | 0.086 |
| PYY | 68 (25; 109) | 68 (40; 112) | 71 (57; 82) | 52 (14; 114) | 0.4 |
| Amylin | 21 (11; 35) | 26 (18; 50) | 15 (14; 21) | 11 (7; 26) | 0.003 |
| Adiponectin | 27,620,432 (15,716,992; 46,898,666) | 19,876,250 (11,564,496; 33,947,040) | 50,400,260 (28,070,008; 78,738,464) | 40,776,198 (24,093,699; 59,942,332) | <0.001 |
| Lipocalin2 | 239,544 (155,865; 447,157) | 212,271 (155,368; 403,378) | 289,098 (196,100; 700,190) | 256,587 (164,284; 559,598) | 0.6 |
| Resistin | 67,348 (38,703; 160,153) | 56,684 (37,270; 109,979) | 160,151 (114,771; 218,334) | 72,100 (37,890; 197,826) | 0.031 |
| Adipsin | 3,648,674 (2,522,890; 6,361,170) | 3,176,383 (2,205,467; 6,101,886) | 3,746,169 (2,938,020; 4,867,385) | 5,351,548 (3,004,950; 8,534,055) | 0.10 |
| PAI-1 | 51,739 (36,695; 84,340) | 61,900 (41,035; 99,918) | 51,489 (26,659; 67,817) | 40,582 (29,925; 58,336) | 0.006 |
| Adiponectin to leptin ratio | 11,107 (2,217; 45,859) | 5,247 (1,547; 21,360) | 61,600 (3,912; 103,556) | 24,964 (5,353; 102,284) | 0.007 |
| Drug therapy | |||||
| Glucocorticoids | 60 (59.4%) | 47 (79.7%) | 12 (66.7%) | 1 (4.2%) | <0.001 |
| DM outpatient meds | 18 (17.8%) | 8 (13.6%) | 6 (33.3%) | 4 (16.7%) | 0.2 |
| ICU insulin | 67 (66.3%) | 49 (83.1%) | 10 (55.6%) | 8 (33.3%) | <0.001 |
| Glycemic condition | |||||
| No hyperglycemia | 25 (24.8%) | 4 (6.8%) | 5 (27.8%) | 16 (66.7%) | – |
| Insulin resistance | 39 (38.6%) | 34 (57.6%) | 3 (16.7%) | 2 (8.3%) | – |
| Beta cell failure | 37 (36.6%) | 21 (35.6%) | 10 (55.6%) | 6 (25.0%) | – |
a
Median (IQR) or frequency (%)
b
Statistical tests performed to assess association between patient characteristic and COVID/ARDS group: Kruskal-Wallis rank-sum test on continuous variables; Fisher’s exact test and Pearson’s chi-squared test on categorical variables