Table 2.

Summary of peer-reviewed case report studies reporting adrenal insufficiency in patients infected with COVID-19.

Authors	Sample size (N)	Sex	Age (years)	Presenting symptoms	Adrenal insufficiency assessment findings		Adrenal insufficiency type	Patient status	Follow-up assessment
					Laboratory data	Radiographic findings
Alvarez-Troncoso et al. [24]	1	Male	70	Fever, chills, asthenia, constipation, malaise, weakness, anorexia, nausea, vomiting	NA	Increase in size and blurring of both adrenals	NA	Discharged	Cortisol Basal: 2.1 µg/dl 30 minutes: 2.89 µg/dl 60 minutes: 3.11 µg/dl
Elkhouly et al. [28]	1	Male	50	Fever, malaise, shortness of breath, cough	NA	Bilateral hyperdense ovoid suprarenal lesions with loss of normal adrenal gland contour	NA	Death	—
Frankel et al. [29]	1	Female	66	Fever, dyspnea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain	Baseline cortisol< 1 µg/dl ACTH: 207 pmol/l	Enlarged and thick adrenal glands plus haziness of surrounding peri-adrenal fat	Primary	Discharged	Stable
Hashim et al. [17]	1	Male	51	Vomiting	Cortisol Baseline: 56 nmol/l 30 minutes: 197 nmol/l 60 minutes: 297 nmol/l	NA	NA	Discharged	Lost
Heidarpour et al. [18]	1	Male	69	Fever, dyspnea, cough	Total cortisol< 12 µg/dl	NA	Primary	Discharged	NA
Kumar et al. [30]	1	Female	70	Fever, left-sided chest pain, cough, dyspnea, fatigue, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea	Random cortisol> 300 nmol/l	Enlarged diffusely hypoattenuated adrenal glands with poor enhancement and ill-defined adrenal contours	NA	Discharged	NA
Sheikh et al. [31]	1	Female	44	Fever, chills, malaise, shortness of breath, myalgia, loss of taste	Random cortisol: 1.1 µg/dl, ACTH: 56 pg/ml	NA	Central	Discharged	Lost

ACTH: adrenocorticotropic hormone; NA: not available.