Table 2.
Stroke-related DALYs (absolute numbers and percentages) associated with risk factors and their clusters in 2019, for all ages and both sexes
|
Globally |
World Bank high-income countries |
World Bank upper-middle-income countries |
World Bank lower-middle-income countries |
World Bank low-income countries |
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Absolute number (millions) | Percentage | Absolute number (millions) | Percentage | Absolute number (millions) | Percentage | Absolute number (millions) | Percentage | Absolute number (millions) | Percentage | |
| Environmental risks | ||||||||||
| Ambient PM2·5pollution | 28·70 (23·40–33·40) | 20·1% (16·6–23·0) | 1·57 (1·20–1·95) | 9·9% (7·8–12·3) | 16·10 (13·20–18·90) | 23·9% (20·5–26·7) | 10·30 (8·04–12·60) | 20·0% (15·7–24·1) | 0·75 (0·42–1·16) | 8·7% (5·0–13·4) |
| Household air pollution from solid fuels | 14·70 (10·10–20·10) | 10·3% (7·1–14·0) | 0·03 (0·01–0·07) | 0·2% (0·1–0·5) | 3·64 (1·86–6·14) | 5·4% (2·8–9·0) | 8·09 (5·59–10·90) | 15·7% (11·0–21·0) | 2·96 (2·29–3·69) | 34·4% (28·5–40·2) |
| Low ambient temperature | 8·36 (6·19–10·80) | 5·8% (4·4–7·5) | 1·28 (0·96–1·64) | 8·2% (6·1–10·5) | 5·47 (4·07–7·29) | 8·1% (6·2–10·7) | 1·26 (0·45–2·03) | 2·4% (0·9–3·9) | 0·35 (0·22–0·50) | 4·0% (2·6–5·6) |
| High ambient temperature | 1·09 (0·11–2·38) | 0·8% (0·1–1·6) | 0·03 (0·01–0·06) | 0·2% (0·1–0·4) | 0·14 (0·00–0·39) | 0·2% (0·0–0·6) | 0·82 (0·06–1·72) | 1·6% (0·1–3·4) | 0·10 (0·02–0·28) | 1·2% (0·3–3·1) |
| Lead exposure | 6·74 (3·91–9·82) | 4·7% (2·8–6·8) | 0·25 (0·06–0·50) | 1·6% (0·4–3·2) | 3·13 (1·80–4·60) | 4·7% (2·8–6·7) | 2·94 (1·78–4·17) | 5·7% (3·5–8·0) | 0·42 (0·23–0·64) | 4·9% (2·7–7·2) |
| Dietary risks | ||||||||||
| Diet high in sodium | 17·70 (5·75–34·90) | 12·3% (4·1–24·3) | 1·03 (0·15–2·59) | 6·5% (0·9–16·4) | 11·60 (4·77–20·20) | 17·3% (7·3–29·6) | 4·33 (0·56–10·50) | 8·4% (1·1–20·3) | 0·69 (0·09–1·88) | 8·0% (1·0–21·6) |
| Diet high in red meat | 10·10 (6·37–13·50) | 7·1% (4·5–9·3) | 1·45 (0·98–1·85) | 9·2% (6·2–11·5) | 6·73 (4·46–8·84) | 10·0% (6·7–12·8) | 1·63 (0·75–2·44) | 3·2% (1·5–4·7) | 0·29 (0·10–0·47) | 3·4% (1·1–5·3) |
| Diet low in fruits | 10·50 (6·24–16·00) | 7·3% (4·4–11·2) | 0·81 (0·41–1·30) | 5·1% (2·6–8·2) | 3·70 (1·92–5·97) | 5·5% (2·9–8·8) | 5·17 (3·23–7·74) | 10·0% (6·2–14·9) | 0·81 (0·47–1·27) | 9·4% (5·6–14·4) |
| Diet low in vegetables | 4·15 (1·54–6·84) | 2·9% (1·1–4·8) | 0·30 (0·10–0·54) | 1·9% (0·6–3·4) | 0·73 (0·31–1·19) | 1·1% (0·5–1·8) | 2·52 (0·80–4·30) | 4·9% (1·5–8·2) | 0·60 (0·24–0·95) | 7·0% (2·8–11·1) |
| Diet low in whole grains | 3·26 (0·98–4·76) | 2·3% (0·7–3·3) | 0·42 (0·12–0·62) | 2·7% (0·8–3·9) | 1·73 (0·48–2·57) | 2·6% (0·7–3·7) | 0·96 (0·31–1·43) | 1·9% (0·6–2·8) | 0·13 (0·04–0·20) | 1·6% (0·5–2·3) |
| Alcohol consumption | 8·54 (6·02–11·10) | 6·0% (4·3–7·6) | 1·00 (0·67–1·34) | 6·3% (4·2–8·4) | 4·99 (3·48–6·64) | 7·4% (5·3–9·5) | 2·13 (1·46–2·82) | 4·1% (2·8–5·5) | 0·42 (0·25–0·60) | 4·9% (3·1–6·7) |
| Physical activity | ||||||||||
| Low physical activity | 2·41 (0·43–6·38) | 1·7% (0·3–4·5) | 0·46 (0·07–1·26) | 2·9% (0·5–8·0) | 1·23 (0·23–3·29) | 1·8% (0·4–4·9) | 0·65 (0·12–1·78) | 1·3% (0·2–3·4) | 0·07 (0·01–0·20) | 0·8% (0·1–2·3) |
| Tobacco smoking | ||||||||||
| Smoking | 25·30 (22·60–28·20) | 17·6% (16·4–19·0) | 2·68 (2·44–2·94) | 17·0% (15·8–18·3) | 13·90 (11·90–16·10) | 20·7% (19·0–22·4) | 7·81 (6·94–8·74) | 15·1% (13·9–16·4) | 0·88 (0·72–1·06) | 10·2% (9·1–11·3) |
| Second-hand smoking | 5·09 (3·79–6·56) | 3·5% (2·7–4·5) | 0·31 (0·24–0·39) | 2·0% (1·5–2·5) | 2·62 (1·93–3·37) | 3·9% (2·9–4·9) | 1·93 (1·41–2·56) | 3·7% (2·8–4·8) | 0·22 (0·15–0·30) | 2·6% (1·9–3·4) |
| Physiological factors | ||||||||||
| High body-mass index | 34·90 (22·30–48·60) | 24·3% (15·7–33·2) | 3·99 (2·73–5·36) | 25·4% (17·2–34·2) | 15·70 (9·39–22·80) | 23·4% (14·1–33·0) | 13·30 (8·65–18·30) | 25·8% (17·0–34·7) | 1·87 (1·04–2·84) | 21·8% (12·9–31·6) |
| High fasting plasma glucose | 28·90 (19·80–41·50) | 20·2% (13·8–29·1) | 3·88 (2·45–6·35) | 24·7% (15·7–40·4) | 12·30 (8·28–18·30) | 18·3% (12·4–26·5) | 11·30 (7·73–15·90) | 21·9% (15·2–30·6) | 1·37 (0·92–1·96) | 15·9% (11·1–22·7) |
| High systolic blood pressure | 79·60 (67·70–90·80) | 55·5% (48·2–62·0) | 7·71 (6·44–9·07) | 48·9% (41·3–56·5) | 37·20 (31·10–43·40) | 55·4% (47·2–62·6) | 30·00 (25·50–34·00) | 58·1% (50·4–64·4) | 4·57 (3·60–5·56) | 53·2% (45·6–59·6) |
| High LDL cholesterol | 13·70 (7·72–23·40) | 9·6% (5·5–16·4) | 2·02 (0·87–3·91) | 12·8% (5·5–24·3) | 7·34 (4·07–12·50) | 10·9% (6·2–18·9) | 3·84 (2·37–6·23) | 7·4% (4·6–12·1) | 0·50 (0·31–0·77) | 5·8% (3·7–9·0) |
| Kidney dysfunction | 11·90 (9·75–14·10) | 8·3% (7·0–9·7) | 1·07 (0·73–1·38) | 6·8% (4·7–8·7) | 5·62 (4·48–6·65) | 8·4% (7·0–9·7) | 4·70 (3·88–5·55) | 9·1% (7·6–10·6) | 0·56 (0·44–0·69) | 6·5% (5·5–7·7) |
| Cluster of risk factors | ||||||||||
| Air pollution* | 43·50 (38·40–48·70) | 30·4% (27·7–33·1) | 1·60 (1·23–2·00) | 10·2% (8·0–12·6) | 19·70 (16·70–22·80) | 29·3% (26·5–32·2) | 18·40 (16·20–20·70) | 35·7% (32·7–38·8) | 3·71 (3·08–4·38) | 43·1% (40·1–46·3) |
| Tobacco smoke† | 29·50 (26·30–32·70) | 20·6% (19·2–22·0) | 2·92 (2·65–3·20) | 18·5% (17·3–19·8) | 16·00 (13·80–18·50) | 23·8% (22·1–25·6) | 9·49 (8·44–10·60) | 18·4% (16·8–19·8) | 1·07 (0·89–1·30) | 12·5% (11·2–13·8) |
| Dietary risks‡ | 43·80 (32·10–58·10) | 30·6% (22·6–39·8) | 4·01 (2·98–5·39) | 25·5% (18·9–33·6) | 22·40 (15·90–29·70) | 33·3% (24·4–42·9) | 15·00 (10·60–20·00) | 29·0% (20·7–38·5) | 2·42 (1·61–3·46) | 28·2% (19·6–38·9) |
| Behavioural risks§ | 67·90 (58·20–79·30) | 47·4% (41·3–54·4) | 6·88 (5·90–7·99) | 43·7% (38·0–49·8) | 34·90 (29·10–41·20) | 51·9% (45·3–58·6) | 22·70 (19·00–27·00) | 44·0% (37·7–51·5) | 3·42 (2·59–4·43) | 39·8% (32·8–48·8) |
| Environmental or occupational risks¶ | 54·20 (48·20–60·00) | 37·8% (35·0–41·0) | 2·98 (2·48–3·53) | 18·9% (16·0–22·4) | 25·60 (22·00–29·10) | 38·1% (34·9–41·4) | 21·40 (18·90–24·10) | 41·5% (38·4–44·9) | 4·17 (3·48–4·87) | 48·6% (45·3–51·8) |
| Metabolic risks‖ | 102·00 (89·80–112·00) | 71·0% (64·6–77·1) | 10·90 (9·36–12·50) | 69·1% (61·1–77·0) | 47·50 (40·70–53·70) | 70·7% (64·0–77·0) | 37·60 (33·00–41·50) | 72·8% (66·6–78·1) | 5·63 (4·57–6·70) | 65·5% (58·6–71·2) |
| Combined risk factors | ||||||||||
| All factors | 125·00 (115·00–134·00) | 87·0% (84·2–89·8) | 13·10 (11·80–14·40) | 83·2% (78·6–88·2) | 59·10 (53·00–65·10) | 87·9% (84·9–90·7) | 45·20 (41·30–49·00) | 87·6% (85·2–89·9) | 7·18 (6·08–8·41) | 83·7% (81·0–86·1) |
Data in parentheses are 95% uncertainty intervals. Count data in millions are presented to two decimal places and percentage data are presented to one decimal place. Percentages and number of DALYs are not mutually exclusive: the sum of percentages and number of DALYs in the columns exceeds the totals for all risk factors combined because of overlap between various risk factors. The crude sum of population attributable fraction (PAF) of the risk factors might exceed 100% because the effects of many of these risk factors are mediated partly or wholly through another risk factor or risk factors. DALY=disability-adjusted life-year. PM2·5=particulate matter with a diameter of <25 μm.
Air pollution cluster includes ambient PM2·5 pollution and household air pollution from solid fuels.
Tobacco smoke cluster includes smoking and second-hand smoking.
Dietary risks cluster includes diet high in sodium, diet low in fruits, diet low in vegetables, diet high in red meat, and diet low in whole grains, and alcohol consumption.
Behavioural risks cluster includes smoking (including second-hand smoking), dietary risks (diet high in sodium, diet low in fruits, diet low in vegetables, diet high in red meat, diet low in whole grains, and alcohol consumption), and low physical activity.
Environmental risks cluster includes air pollution cluster, low ambient temperature, high ambient temperature, and lead exposure.
Metabolic risks cluster includes high body-mass index, high fasting plasma glucose, high LDL cholesterol, high systolic blood pressure, and kidney dysfunction.