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. 2021 Sep 15;11:18302. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-97572-1

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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(A) Volcano plot representing the log2(FC) in x-axis and -log10(q − value) in y-axis. A threshold of 0.6 for the log2(FC) is added as a dotted vertical black line and a threshold of − log₁₀(0.05) as a dotted horizontal black line for the q-value. For representation purpose, the y-axis scale has been squashed by a factor of 5 between 5 and 12. A metabolite is considered significantly modulated if its |log₂(FC)|> 0.6 and q-value < 0.05 (in red and labelled on the figure). (B) Boxplots of significantly modulated metabolites, gathered by pathway, Baoding (More Polluted) and Dalian (Less Polluted). Figures were created using the R software: R Core Team (2017), R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL https://www.R-project.org/.