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. 2021 Sep 15;11:18304. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-97821-3

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Time-kill kinetics of CaD23 (0.25× MIC and 2× MIC) amikacin (8× and 20× MIC) against S. aureus (SH1000) in cation-adjusted Muller-Hinton broth over 24 h. Phosphate buffer solution (PBS) group serves as the untreated control. “0 min” represents the starting inoculum, which is around 6 log₁₀ CFU/ml. The red dotted horizontal line at 3 log₁₀ CFU/ml signifies the threshold of significant bacterial killing (defined as 99.9% or 3 log₁₀ CFU/ml reduction of the bacterial viability compared to the starting inoculum). Data is presented as mean ± standard deviation (depicted in error bars) of two independent experiments performed in biological duplicate. CaD23 (2× MIC) was able to achieve complete (100%) killing of SH1000 within 30 min of treatment whereas amikacin (8× MIC and 25× MIC) was only able to achieve complete killing of SH1000 within 4 h of treatment. The antimicrobial efficacy of CaD23 and amikacin was maintained at 24 h post-treatment.