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. 2021 Sep 15;11:18345. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-97869-1

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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SCAL1 expression levels in CSE-treated A549 cells. (a) SCAL1 expression levels increased with increasing concentrations of cigarette smoke extract (CSE), but decreased when cultured at the highest concentration of CSE. (b) When cells were allowed to recover for 24 h in DMEM after 48 h of exposure to 0.1 × CSE, SCAL1 levels were significantly lower than if kept in 0.1 × CSE but still remained significantly higher than in the control setup. Data presented are representative of three independent trials and are expressed as the mean ± SD. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 and ****P < 0.0001.