Table II.
Hazard ratios (HRs) for switching to an angiotensin-II receptor blocker after any angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor therapy in people with active asthma compared with general population and other risk factors∗
| Characteristic | Crude HR (95% CI) | Crude P | Adjusted HR (95% CI) | Adjusted P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Population | ||||
| General population | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Active asthma | 1.22 (1.20-1.24) | <.001 | 1.16 (1.14-1.18) | <.001 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 0.79 (0.78-0.81) | <.001 | 0.89 (0.87-0.91) | <.001 |
| Hypertension | 1.34 (1.33-1.35) | <.001 | 1.21 (1.20-1.22) | <.001 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 0.81 (0.80-0.82) | <.001 | 0.88 (0.87-0.89) | <.001 |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Female | 1.53 (1.52-1.54) | <.001 | 1.46 (1.45-1.47) | <.001 |
| Age at baseline, y | ||||
| <40 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 40-49 | 1.34 (1.30-1.37) | <.001 | 1.32 (1.29-1.36) | <.001 |
| 50-59 | 1.53 (1.50-1.57) | <.001 | 1.53 (1.49-1.57) | <.001 |
| >60 | 1.67 (1.63-1.71) | <.001 | 1.66 (1.62-1.70) | <.001 |
| Body mass index category | ||||
| <20 | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 20-24 | 1.37 (1.34-1.40) | <.001 | 1.43 (1.39-1.46) | <.001 |
| ≥25 | 1.52 (1.49-1.56) | <.001 | 1.55 (1.51-1.59) | <.001 |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Nonsmoker | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Ex-smoker | 0.89 (0.88-0.90) | <.001 | 0.96 (0.95-0.97) | <.001 |
| Current smoker | 0.64 (0.63-0.65) | <.001 | 0.73 (0.72-0.74) | <.001 |
| Deprivation† | ||||
| 1 (Least deprived) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 2 | 1.07 (1.05-1.08) | <.001 | 1.05 (1.04-1.06) | <.001 |
| 3 | 1.13 (1.12-1.14) | <.001 | 1.10 (1.09-1.11) | <.001 |
| 4 | 1.17 (1.15-1.18) | <.001 | 1.13 (1.12-1.15) | <.001 |
| 5 (Most deprived) | 1.24 (1.22-1.25) | <.001 | 1.20 (1.18-1.21) | <.001 |
CI, confidence interval.
∗
Model was adjusted for gender, age, body mass index, smoking status, history of hypertension, cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and socioeconomic deprivation.
†
Deprivation indicates index of multiple deprivation.