Table 3.
Descriptive statistics and ANCOVA results for outcome measures across 3 time points of data collection
| Outcome measure | Timea | Mean (SD) | Fb | dfc | ηp2d | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mindfulness training | Waitlist control | |||||
| Mindfulness | T1 | 3.29 (0.43) | 3.25 (0.37) | |||
| T2 | 3.42 (0.37) | 3.23 (0.40) | 12.94*** | 1182 | 0.07 | |
| T3 | 3.46 (0.41) | 3.25 (0.43) | 14.56*** | 1179 | 0.08 | |
| General health | T1 | 3.53 (0.51) | 3.50 (0.46) | |||
| T2 | 3.68 (0.47) | 3.43 (0.44) | 23.84*** | 1183 | 0.12 | |
| T3 | 3.71 (0.46) | 3.48 (0.51) | 17.93*** | 1179 | 0.09 | |
| Insomnia | T1 | 2.22 (0.68) | 2.14 (0.60) | |||
| T2 | 1.91 (0.52) | 2.21 (0.66) | 22.82*** | 1179 | 0.11 | |
| T3 | 1.87 (0.64) | 2.12 (0.76) | 12.76*** | 1175 | 0.07 | |
| Stress | T1 | 2.70 (0.52) | 2.71 (0.52) | |||
| T2 | 2.55 (0.44) | 2.79 (0.51) | 20.31*** | 1183 | 0.10 | |
| T3 | 2.48 (0.47) | 2.75 (0.54) | 20.64*** | 1179 | 0.10 | |
| Negative affect | T1 | 2.82 (0.66) | 2.80 (0.56) | |||
| T2 | 2.59 (0.51) | 2.81 (0.63) | 11.90** | 1182 | 0.06 | |
| T3 | 2.42 (0.57) | 2.77 (0.60) | 28.90*** | 1179 | 0.14 | |
| Positive affect | T1 | 3.35 (0.55) | 3.38 (0.58) | |||
| T2 | 3.58 (0.51) | 3.32 (0.63) | 14.84*** | 1182 | 0.08 | |
| T3 | 3.58 (0.54) | 3.30 (0.60) | 21.05*** | 1179 | 0.11 | |
| Life satisfaction | T1 | 3.44 (0.72) | 3.40 (0.70) | |||
| T2 | 3.65 (0.67) | 3.38 (0.71) | 10.81** | 1182 | 0.06 | |
| T3 | 3.67 (0.70) | 3.38 (0.72) | 13.95*** | 1178 | 0.07 | |
| Emotion management | T1 | 3.54 (0.60) | 3.37 (0.58) | |||
| T2 | 3.59 (0.52) | 3.35 (0.53) | 6.01* | 1182 | 0.03 | |
| T3 | 3.58 (0.49) | 3.40 (0.58) | 1.82 | 1178 | 0.01 | |
| Mindfulness in teaching | T1 | 3.52 (0.44) | 3.52 (0.39) | |||
| T2 | 3.58 (0.37) | 3.48 (0.39) | 4.02* | 1182 | 0.02 | |
| T3 | 3.62 (0.46) | 3.49 (0.40) | 6.50* | 1177 | 0.04 | |
Participants responded on a 5-point Likert scale from 1 (“Never”) to 5 (“Always”)
aT1 = baseline; T2 = post-intervention; T3 = two-month follow-up. No significant baseline differences between the mindfulness training and waitlist control conditions for any outcome measures
bF-statistic is based on analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) with condition (mindfulness training vs. control) as the between-subject factor and baseline measure as the covariate. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001
cdf = degrees of freedom, between groups (NGROUPS – 1), total (NINDIVIDUALS – 1)
dEffect size (ηp2): small effect ≥ 0.01 to < 0.06; medium effect ≥ 0.06 to < 0.14; large effect ≥ 0.14