Table 1.
Characteristics of the participants
| Impaired awareness of hypoglycemia | P value | ||
| Absent | Present | ||
| n=434 | n=75 | ||
| Age, years | 28 (22–51) | 49 (31–59) | <0.001 |
| Female gender, n (%) | 256 (59.0) | 46 (61.3) | 0.702 |
| Diabetes duration, years | 17 (12–29) | 25 (15–39) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes duration >35 years, n (%) | 68 (15.7) | 22 (29.3) | 0.004 |
| Age at diabetes onset, years | 12 (8–19) | 17 (11–27) | 0.001 |
| Age at diabetes onset >18, years, n (%) | 120 (27.6) | 35 (46.7) | 0.001 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 25.0 (22.8–27.6) | 25.6 (24.1–29.3) | 0.007 |
| Insulin pump use, n (%) | 279 (64.3) | 45 (60.0) | 0.476 |
| Insulin dose (U/day) | 55±22 | 50±21 | 0.085 |
| Glucose sensor use, n (%) | 88 (20.3) | 32 (42.7) | <0.001 |
| rtCGM/isCGM (n) | 68/20 | 30/2 | <0.001 |
| Alcohol use, n (%)* | 123 (35.3) | 15 (29.4) | 0.405 |
| HbA1c, % | 7.7 (1.1) | 7.7 (1.0) | 0.994 |
| HbA1c, mmol/mol | 61 (12) | 61 (11) | 0.995 |
| C-peptide continuous, pmol/L | 0.0 (0.0–4.5) | 0.0 (0.0–0.0) | 0.135 |
| C-peptide categorical, <3.8, 3.8–20, >20 pmol/L, n (%) | 319/55/60 (73.5/12.7/13.8) | 61/7/7 (81.4/9.3/9.3) | 0.352 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 105±21 | 95±23 | <0.001 |
| Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 4.5 (4.0–5.0) | 4.5 (4.1–5.2) | 0.463 |
| HDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 1.5 (1.3–2.0) | 1.7 (1.4–2.0) | 0.104 |
| LDL cholesterol, mmol/L | 2.5 (2.2–3.0) | 2.5 (2.2–3.1) | 0.820 |
| Triglycerides, mmol/L | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) | 0.9 (0.7–1.2) | 0.201 |
| Albumin:creatinine ratio, mg/mmol | 0.4 (0.0–1.1) | 0.4 (0.0–1.2) | 0.843 |
Data are presented as mean±SD, median (IQR) or n (%).
*Only available in 399 participants.
eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; isCGM, intermittently scanned (flash) glucose monitoring; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; rtCGM, real-time continuous glucose monitoring.