Table 3.
Results of ordinal regression model
| Variable | Level | Coefficient | Odds ratio | p value | 95% CI of coefficient | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lower bound | Upper bound | |||||
| Addiction | Mild | −3.791 | – | 0.0001 | −5.295 | −2.288 |
| Moderate | −1.673 | – | 0.028 | −3.163 | −0.183 | |
| Age | 0.055 | 1.057 | 0.027 | 0.006 | 0.103 | |
| Smartphone use starting age | −0.071 | 0.932 | 0.000 | −0.111 | −0.031 | |
| Sex | Male | 0.255 | 1.290 | 0.008 | 0.068 | 0.443 |
| Female (Ref.) | – | – | – | – | – | |
| University | Jahangirnagar University | 0.218 | 1.244 | 0.030 | 0.021 | 0.416 |
| North South University | 0.337 | 1.401 | 0.007 | 0.094 | 0.581 | |
| University of Asia Pacific (Ref.) | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Way of getting smartphone | From family | −0.131 | 0.877 | 0.196 | −0.331 | 0.068 |
| Self-income (Ref.) | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Playing mobile game is more comfortable than hang out with friends | Strongly disagree | −0.195 | 0.823 | 0.571 | −0.870 | 0.480 |
| Disagree | −0.080 | 0.923 | 0.811 | −0.737 | 0.577 | |
| Neither agree nor disagree | 0.191 | 1.210 | 0.580 | −0.485 | 0.866 | |
| Agree | 0.130 | 1.139 | 0.711 | −0.555 | 0.815 | |
| Strongly agree (Ref.) | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Feeling more comfortable in a virtual game environment than in outdoor game/social relationship | Strongly disagree | 0.092 | 1.096 | 0.752 | −0.477 | 0.660 |
| Disagree | −0.210 | 0.811 | 0.456 | −0.761 | 0.342 | |
| Neither agree nor disagree | −0.172 | 0.842 | 0.559 | −0.751 | 0.406 | |
| Agree | −0.162 | 0.850 | 0.580 | −0.736 | 0.412 | |
| Strongly agree (Ref.) | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Play mobile games when feeling isolated | Strongly disagree | −0.938 | 0.391 | <0.001 | −1.430 | −0.446 |
| Disagree | −0.856 | 0.425 | <0.001 | −1.238 | −0.475 | |
| Neither agree nor disagree | −0.540 | 0.583 | 0.003 | −0.900 | −0.179 | |
| Agree | −0.491 | 0.612 | 0.003 | −0.818 | −0.163 | |
| Strongly agree (Ref.) | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Playing mobile games to cope with the new game/updated version of game | Strongly disagree | −0.454 | 0.635 | 0.144 | −1.062 | 0.154 |
| Disagree | −0.118 | 0.889 | 0.676 | −0.671 | 0.436 | |
| Neither agree nor disagree | −0.455 | 0.635 | 0.101 | −0.998 | 0.089 | |
| Agree | −0.289 | 0.749 | 0.284 | −0.818 | 0.239 | |
| Strongly agree (Ref.) | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Playing mobile games for a long time to become a master of game | Strongly disagree | −0.900 | 0.407 | 0.002 | −1.463 | −0.338 |
| Disagree | −0.542 | 0.582 | 0.038 | −1.055 | −0.029 | |
| Neither agree nor disagree | −0.067 | 0.935 | 0.804 | −0.593 | 0.460 | |
| Agree | 0.133 | 1.142 | 0.610 | −0.379 | 0.645 | |
| Strongly agree (Ref.) | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Playing mobile games for the main reason of entertainment | Yes | 0.246 | 1.279 | 0.007 | 0.068 | 0.425 |
| No (Ref.) | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Duration of playing mobile games | <1 h | −1.448 | 0.235 | <0.001 | −1.997 | −0.898 |
| 1–2 h | −1.039 | 0.354 | <0.001 | −1.587 | −0.491 | |
| 3–4 h | −1.065 | 0.345 | <0.001 | −1.635 | −0.494 | |
| 4–5 h | −0.723 | 0.485 | 0.020 | −1.334 | −0.112 | |
| 5–6 h | −0.188 | 0.829 | 0.651 | −1.003 | 0.627 | |
| 6–8 h (Ref.) | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Playtime | 6:00–12:00 h | −0.054 | 0.947 | 0.771 | −0.416 | 0.309 |
| 12:00—18:00 h | −0.423 | 0.655 | 0.002 | −0.692 | −0.153 | |
| 18:00–0:00 h | −0.312 | 0.732 | 0.008 | −0.542 | −0.083 | |
| 0:00–6:00 h | −0.206 | 0.812 | 0.127 | −0.471 | 0.059 | |
| 12:00–18:00 and 0:00–6:00 h (Ref.) | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Negative impact on academic performance due to playing excessive mobile game | Strongly disagree | −0.962 | 0.382 | <0.001 | −1.343 | −0.581 |
| Disagree | −0.774 | 0.461 | <0.001 | −1.116 | −0.432 | |
| Neither agree nor disagree | −0.454 | 0.635 | 0.010 | −0.800 | −0.108 | |
| Agree | −0.079 | 0.924 | 0.652 | −0.422 | 0.264 | |
| Strongly agree (Ref.) | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Model fitting information | ||||||
| Cox and Snell R2 | 0.68 | |||||
| Omnibus Tests of Model Coefficients | 516.38*** | |||||
| Cohen's κ | 0.43*** | |||||
| Sensitivity | 72.16 | |||||
| Specificity | 65.99 | |||||
| Test of parallel lines | ||||||
| χ2 | 127.50*** | |||||
Ref., reference category; CI, confidence interval; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.