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. 2021 Sep 15;14:147. doi: 10.1186/s13045-021-01161-8

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 3 — Classic and novel immune checkpoints between tumor cells and immune cells. The traditional marker PD-L1 (B7-H1/CD274), expressed on the surface of tumor cells, binds to PD-1 on the T cell surface, while the newly identified molecule FGL1 binds to another inhibitory receptor, LAG3, which has other ligands, such as MHC II, galectin-3 and LSECtin (degree of affinity: thick line > thin line > dashed line). In addition, CD80 and CD86 (B7) on the surface of APCs bind with CD28 or CTLA-4 to provide auxiliary stimulatory and suppressive signals, respectively