Table 2.
Results from the final multivariable models for the association between birth weight and HRQoL among children aged 5 − 10 years
| Factor | Model 1 (all birth weights) | Model 2 (normal birth weights only) | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted OR (95 % CI) | Adjusted OR (95 % CI) | Unadjusted OR (95 % CI) | Adjusted OR (95 % CI) | |
| Birth weight¥ | 0.97 (0.95, 0.99) | 0.97 (0.94, 0.99)* | 0.98 (0.95, 1.01) | 0.97 (0.94, 1.01) |
| Demographic factors | ||||
| Marital status (Ref-Partnered) | ||||
| Non-partnered | 0.12 (0.93, 1.69) | 1.14 (0.80, 1.63) | 1.21 (0.88, 1.66) | 0.88 (0.60, 1.28) |
| Birth father lives with the child (Ref-most of the time/always) | ||||
| Sometimes | 2.40 (1.43, 4.03) | 2.96 (1.63, 5.35) | 2.35 (1.33, 4.0) | 2.75 (1.49, 5.08) |
| No/not applicable | 2.39 (1.53, 3.75) | 2.16 (1.30, 3.57) | 2.59 (1.65, 4.08) | 2.39 (1.42, 4.02) |
| Pregnancy history | ||||
| Mother’s age at birth (Ref-<35 years) | ||||
| ≥ 35 | 0.80 (0.61, 1.06) | 0.80 (0.58, 1.12) | 0.75 (0.56, 1.01) | 0.75 (0.53, 1.06) |
| Gestational hypertension (Ref-no) | ||||
| Yes | 1.75 (1.16, 2.64) | 1.32 (0.81, 2.13) | 1.68 (1.07, 2.63) | 1.31 (0.78, 2.19) |
| Gestational diabetes (Ref-no) | ||||
| Yes | 1.55 (0.98, 2.44) | 1.69 (0.99, 2.87) | 1.35( 0.81, 2.25) | 1.59 (0.88, 2.87) |
| Parenting factors | ||||
| Inconsistent discipline¥ | 1.14 (1.07, 1.22) | 1.12 (1.05, 1.21) | 1.16 (1.08, 1.23) | 1.14 (1.06, 1.23) |
| Poor supervision¥ | 1.20 (1.01, 1.42) | 1.15 (0.91, 1.44) | 1.2 (1.021, 1.43) | 1.14 (0.90, 1.44) |
| Positive parenting¥ | 0.91 (0.84, 0.99) | 0.89 (0.81, 0.98) | 0.90 (0.83, 0.99) | 0.90 (0.81, 0.99) |
| Maternal health factors | ||||
| SF 36 General health¥ | 0.98 (0.98, 0.99) | 0.99 (0.98, 1.00) | 0.98 (0.98, 0.99) | 0.99 (0.98,1.00) |
| SF 36 Mental Health¥ | 0.97 (0.96, 0.98) | 0.98 (0.97, 0.99) | 0.97 (0.96, 0.98) | 0.98 (0.97, 0.99) |
| Child factors | ||||
| Child sex (Ref-male) | ||||
| Female | 0.83 (0.66, 1.04) | 0.88 (0.67, 1.16) | 0.83 (0.66, 1.06) | 0.88 (0.67, 1.17) |
| Average screen time¥ | 1.22 (1.09, 1.36) | 1.10 (0.97, 1.24) | 1.20 (1.07, 1.34) | 1.07 (0.94, 1.21) |
| Medical problems (Ref-no) | ||||
| Yes | 3.85 (3.01, 4.93) | 3.80 (2.86, 5.06) | 3.71 (2.87, 4.80) | 3.66 (2.72, 4.92) |
Notes: *Significant at p-value < 0.05(birth weight); ¥ reported as a mean and standard deviation; HRQoL: Health-Related Quality of Life; OR: Odds Ratios; CI: Confidence Interval