Fig. 1.

Effect of ricinine on the susceptibility of Anopheles gambiae and An. coluzzii to four natural isolates of Plasmodium falciparum (A, B, C and D). a Infection rate (± 95% CI) on day 7 post-blood meal (dpbm), expressed as the number of females harbouring at least one oocyst in their midguts out of the total number of dissected females for each treatment (red bars: control mosquitoes fed with a 5% glucose solution; blue bars: test mosquitoes fed with a 5% glucose solution and either 0.04 or 0.08 g l⁻¹ of ricinine) and for each of four parasite isolates (A–D). b Infection intensity at 7 dpbm, expressed as the number of developing oocysts in midguts of infected females, for each treatment and the four parasite isolates. A concentration of 0.04 g l⁻¹ of ricinine and An. coluzzii were used for the first experimental infection using parasite isolate A (left panel in a and b), while concentrations of 0.08 g l⁻¹ and An. gambiae were used for other infections (isolates B, C and D). “g µl⁻¹” corresponds to the number of gametocytes per microlitre of blood