Fig. 3.

NAD⁺ reduced CCH-induced neuronal death and microglial activation. A HE staining of cortex and hippocampus CA1 at different magnifications (scale bar = 50 μm or 5 μm). B Representative immunofluorescent staining for Iba1-labeled microglia (red). Nuclei were stained with DAPI (blue). Scale bar = 50 μm. C The mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, iNOS, TNF-α, and COX2) was detected by qRT-PCR. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01 sham and NAD⁺ vs. CCH