Fig. 10.

SHAP force plot for an ADNI sMCI subject (PTID = 123_S_4904) from the training set to explain the prediction of the RF base model. SHAP force plots show that the individual prediction (f(x) = 0.26) consists of the sum of all feature Shapley values and the average model prediction (base value = 0.4475). The associated Shapley value of a feature is visualized using the length of an arrow. Feature expressions with large Shapley values have strong effects on the individual prediction and are shown in the middle of SHAP force plots. Pathogenic feature expressions with Shapley values higher than zero are shown as red and protective expressions as blue arrows. The MRI volumetric features and the cognitive test scores were min-max-normalized