Table 3.

Summary of factors that contribute to the reporting of IPD.

Links in the chain towards capturing IPD	Relevant aspects in the COVID-19 pandemic
Transmission of S. pneumoniae	•The extent to which social distancing measures permit interaction among young children and adult caregivers. •Attention for hand hygiene. •Individual nasopharyngeal carriage can persist for months.
Location of care	•Individual hesitance to seek healthcare. •Outpatient treatment for IPD often suffices to recover. •Selection of patients for hospital admission.
Diagnostics and reporting	•Allocation and quality of blood culture practices. •Pretreatment with antibiotics before admission. •Reporting to surveillance bodies.