Table 2.

The adjusted associations between the highest decile of two autistic traits, and of children with a diagnosis of ASD when the maternal grandmother smoked during pregnancy [MGM + M− v MGM − M−]

ASD characteristic	Grandsons AOR [95% CI]	Granddaughters AOR [95% CI]
Traits associated with ASD
Social communication	1.04 [0.81, 1.34]	1.67 [1.25, 2.25]
Repetitive behavior	1.11 [0.88, 1.41]	1.48 [1.12, 1.94]
Diagnosis
ASD	1.53 [1.02, 2.29]	1.56 [0.68, 3.58]

Notes: AOR = odds ratio adjusted for grandparents’ demographic characteristics: ASD = autism spectrum disorder; CI = confidence interval; MGM = maternal grandmother; + = smoked in pregnancy; − = did not smoke in pregnancy. Results in bold indicate P < 0.05.