. 2021 Aug 13;52(4):1958–1996. doi: 10.1111/grow.12540

TABLE 4.

June–August 2019–2020 employed at work regression results

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
MSA Pop. 100−250 K × 2020	−0.797	−0.597	−0.672	−0.305	−0.310	−0.386
MSA Pop. 100−250 K × 2020	(1.009)	(0.836)	(0.811)	(0.907)	(0.900)	(0.929)
MSA Pop. 250−500 K × 2020	−4.239^**	−3.205^**	−3.109^**	−2.392^*	−2.403^*	−2.532^*
MSA Pop. 250−500 K × 2020	(0.992)	(0.903)	(0.867)	(0.960)	(0.944)	(0.979)
MSA Pop. 500 K−1 M × 2020	−2.359^**	−1.828^**	−1.315^*	−0.669	−0.684	−0.959
MSA Pop. 500 K−1 M × 2020	(0.770)	(0.660)	(0.647)	(0.848)	(0.824)	(0.867)
MSA Pop. 1–2.5 M × 2020	−4.127^**	−3.994^**	−3.974^**	−2.399^*	−2.417^*	−2.849^**
MSA Pop. 1–2.5 M × 2020	(0.821)	(0.641)	(0.576)	(0.965)	(0.957)	(0.990)
MSA Pop. 2.5−5 M × 2020	−4.838^**	−4.347^**	−3.363^**	−2.058	−2.077	−2.559^*
MSA Pop. 2.5−5 M × 2020	(0.948)	(0.796)	(0.810)	(1.163)	(1.128)	(1.205)
MSA Pop. 5 M+ × 2020	−4.919^**	−4.573^**	−4.305^**	−2.229	−2.252	−3.032^*
MSA Pop. 5 M+ × 2020	(0.907)	(0.802)	(0.682)	(1.252)	(1.190)	(1.245)
Year 2020 Dummy	−2.008^**
Year 2020 Dummy	(0.539)
Ln COVID Case Rate March 2020 × 2020				−0.613	−0.613
Ln COVID Case Rate March 2020 × 2020				(0.403)	(0.402)
Ln COVID Case Rate Current × 2020				−0.026		−0.052
Ln COVID Case Rate Current × 2020				(0.402)		(0.399)
% Occ. Can Work from Home × 2020				−0.047	−0.046	−0.043
% Occ. Can Work from Home × 2020				(0.093)	(0.093)	(0.093)
% Employed in Agriculture × 2020				−0.128	−0.129	−0.153
% Employed in Agriculture × 2020				(0.102)	(0.102)	(0.100)
% Employed in Mining × 2020				−0.118	−0.118	−0.109
% Employed in Mining × 2020				(0.148)	(0.149)	(0.154)
% Employed in Construction × 2020				−0.080	−0.079	−0.106
% Employed in Construction × 2020				(0.166)	(0.166)	(0.167)
% Emp. Wholesale/Retail × 2020				0.037	0.037	0.070
% Emp. Wholesale/Retail × 2020				(0.167)	(0.168)	(0.166)
% Emp. Transportation/Utilities × 2020				−0.187	−0.188	−0.228
% Emp. Transportation/Utilities × 2020				(0.140)	(0.140)	(0.138)
% Emp. Professional Services × 2020				−0.036	−0.036	−0.071
% Emp. Professional Services × 2020				(0.111)	(0.111)	(0.108)
% Emp. Education/Health × 2020				0.0004	0.0002	−0.027
% Emp. Education/Health × 2020				(0.077)	(0.077)	(0.074)
% Emp. Leisure/Hospitality × 2020				−0.368^*	−0.367^*	−0.374^*
% Emp. Leisure/Hospitality × 2020				(0.180)	(0.179)	(0.175)
% Employed in Other Services × 2020				0.066	0.067	0.065
% Employed in Other Services × 2020				(0.288)	(0.288)	(0.287)
% Emp. Public Administration × 2020				0.109	0.108	0.117
% Emp. Public Administration × 2020				(0.101)	(0.101)	(0.099)
Local Area Fixed Effects	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Indiv. Characteristics × Time Dummies	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
State × Time Dummies	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
F‐Test p‐Value for Industry Variables				0.664	0.662	0.467
R ²	0.014	0.251	0.252	0.252	0.252	0.252
Observations	482,332	482,332	482,332	482,332	482,332	482,332

The sample includes civilians aged 16 and over. Standard errors in parentheses are clustered by local area. Local areas include individual MSAs and state‐specific non‐MSA residual areas. Non‐MSAs are the excluded MSA status/size group. Time refers to unique combinations of month and year.

Significantly different from zero at 5% level

^**

Significant at 1% level.