TABLE 2.

Indirect effect of attachment on prosocial and health protective behavior during COVID‐19 through changes in adolescent mental health symptoms

Effect	B	Bootstrapped SE	z	p	95% CI bias corrected
					LLCI	ULCI
Child gender → mental health symptoms RGS	.398	.159	2.507	.012	.087	.710
Child gender → prosocial behavior (COVID‐19)	.185	.076	2.449	.014	.037	.333
Child gender → health protective behavior (COVID‐19)	.387	.119	3.261	.001	.155	.620
Child ethnicity/race → mental health symptoms RGS	−.220	.155	−1.416	.157	−.525	.085
Child ethnicity/race → prosocial behavior (COVID‐19)	.055	.073	0.757	.449	−.087	.198
Child ethnicity/race → health protective behavior (COVID‐19)	−.012	.114	−0.109	.913	−.236	.211
Family income‐to‐needs (age 12) → mental health symptoms RGS	−.013	.061	−0.213	.831	−.132	.106
Family income‐to‐needs (age 12) → prosocial behavior (COVID‐19)	−.017	.028	−0.599	.549	−.073	.039
Family income‐to‐needs (age 12) → health protective behavior (COVID‐19)	−.101	.044	−2.299	.022	−.187	−.105
Prosocial behavior (age 12) → mental health symptoms RGS	.058	.136	0.424	.671	−.209	.325
Prosocial behavior (age 12) → prosocial behavior (COVID‐19)	.124	.063	1.968	.049	.001	.248
Prosocial behavior (age 12) → health protective behaviors (COVID‐19)	.132	.099	1.344	.182	−.062	.327
Attachment (age 12) → mental health symptoms RGS	−1.035	.236	−4.377	<.001	−1.498	−.571
Mental health symptoms RGS → prosocial behavior (COVID‐19)	−.116	.042	−2.743	.006	−.199	−.033
Mental health symptoms RGS → health protective behavior (COVID‐19)	−.251	.066	−3.770	<.001	−.381	−.120
Attachment security → COVID‐19 prosocial behavior (direct)	.166	.120	1.388	.165	−.068	.400
Attachment security → COVID‐19 health protective behavior (direct)	.256	.188	1.361	.174	−.112	.624
Attachment security → mental health symptoms RGS → prosocial behavior (indirect)	.120	.051	—	—	.019	.221
Attachment security → mental health symptoms RGS → health protective behavior (indirect)	.259	.090	—	—	.083	.436
$R_{\text{prosocial}}^2$ = .167; $R_{\text{health prodective}}^2$ = .215; Cohen's $f_{\text{prosocial}}^2$ = .201; Cohen's $f_{\text{health prodective}}^2$ = .274

RGS = adjusted residualized gain score of adolescents’ mental health symptoms during COVID‐19 on pre‐pandemic mental health symptoms.

Abbreviations: LLCI, lower limit confidence interval; SE, standard error; ULCI, upper limit confidence interval.