Table 1.
Study characteristics
| Author, year (country) | Study period | Methods used for confirmation of COVID‐19 | Comparisons | Patients characteristics |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| De Smet, 2020 1 (Belgium) | 1 March 2020 to 7 April 2020 | RT‐PCR | ≥20 ng/ml | 109 Patients, aged 73 years (IQR: 53–81), 53.2% female, 100% Caucasian, 100% inpatients |
| <20 ng/mL | 109 Patients, aged 67 years (IQR: 52–79), 33.0% female, 100% inpatients | |||
| Carpagnano, 2020 2 (Italy) | 11 March 2020 to 30 April 2020 | RT‐PCR | All groups | 42 Patients, aged 65 ± 13 years, 28.6% female, BMI: 28.5 ± 5, 26.2% DM, 100% inpatients |
| Jain, 2020 3 (India) | 5 June 2020 to 17 July 2020 | RT‐PCR | All groups | 154 Patients, aged 46.1 ± 7.6 years, 44.8% female, BMI: 27.1 ± 4.6, 4.56% obese, 100% inpatients |
| Hars, 2020 4 (Switzerland) | 13 March 2020 to 14 April 2020 | RT‐PCR | All groups | 160 Patients, aged 85.9 ± 6.6 years, 59.4% female, 100% Caucasian, 100% inpatients |
| Cereda, 2020 5 (Italy) | March 2020 to April 2020 | RT‐PCR | ≥20 ng/ml | 30 Patients, aged 77.5 years (IQR: 65–86), 56.7% female, 100% Caucasian, BMI: 24.4 (IQR: 20.8–26.2), 36.7% DM, 100% inpatients |
| <20 ng/ml | 99 Patients, aged 77 years (IQR: 64–85), 42.4% female, 100% Caucasian, BMI: 24.7 (IQR: 22.9–27.9), 28.9% type 2 DM, 100% inpatients | |||
| Luo, 2020 6 (China) | Technology, 7 February 2020 to 21 March 2020 | RT‐PCR | All groups | 335 Patients, aged 56 years (IQR: 43.0–64.0), 55.8% female, 100% Chinese, BMI: 23.5 ± 3.1, 100% inpatients |
| Hernandez, 2020 7 (Spain) | 10 March 2020 to 31 March 2020 | RT‐PCR | ≥20 ng/ml | 35 Patients, aged 58 years (IQR: 45–69), 51.4% female, BMI: 29.8 ± 4.1, 17.1% DM, 100% inpatients |
| <20 ng/ml | 162 Patients, aged 62 years (IQR: 48–70.3), 34.6% female, BMI 29 ± 4.9, 17.3% DM, 100% inpatients | |||
| Abrishami, 2020 8 (Iran) | 28 February 2020 to 19 April 2020 | RT‐PCR | All groups | 73 Patients, aged 55.2 ± 15.0 years, 36.0% female, 15.1% DM, 100% inpatients |
| Ye, 2020 9 (China) | 16 February 2020 to 16 March 2020 | PCR | All groups | 62 Patients, aged 43 years (IQR: 32–59), 63.0% female, 100% Chinese, 8.3% DM, 100% inpatients |
| Baktash, 2020 10 (United Kingdom) | 1 March 2020 to 30 April 2020 | RT‐PCR | ≤12 ng/ml | 39 Patients, aged 79.4 ± 9.5 years, 38.5% female, 74.4% Caucasian, BMI: 25 (IQR: 23–32), 43.6% DM, 100% inpatients |
| >12 ng/ml | 31 Patients, aged 81.2 ± 7.2 years, 41.9% female, 67.7% Caucasian, BMI: 24 (IQR: 20–27), 29.0% DM, 100% inpatients | |||
| Mendy, 2020 11 (United States) | 13 March 2020 to 31 May 2020 | PCR | All groups | 689 Patients, aged 49.5 ± 34.1 years, 47.0% female, 29.2% Caucasian, 25.5% Black, 32.5% Hispanic, 18.6% obese, 24.7% DM |
| Im, 2020 12 (Korea) | February 2020 to June 2020 | RT‐PCR | ≤20 ng/ml | 38 Patients, 57.9% female, 100% inpatients |
| >20 ng/dl | 12 Patients, 58.3% female, 100% inpatients | |||
| Mardani, 2020 13 (Iran) | March 2020 | RT‐PCR | All groups | 63 Patients, aged 43.3 ± 14.5 years, 44.4% female |
| Macaya, 2020 14 (Spain) | 5 March 2020 to 31 March 2020 | RT‐PCR | All groups | 80 Patients, aged 67.7 years, 56.3% female, BMI: 27, 28.8% obese, 40.0% DM |
| Pizzini, 2020 15 (Austria) | From 29 April 2020 | RT‐PCR | All groups | 109 Patients, aged 58 ± 14 years, 40.0% female, BMI: 27 ± 14, 18.0% DM, 80% inpatients |
| Radujkovic, 2020 16 (Germany) | 18 March 2020 to 18 June 2020 | RT‐PCR | <12 ng/ml | 41 Patients, aged 66 years (IQR: 53–78), 43.9% female, 19.5% DM, 100% inpatients |
| ≥12 ng/ml | 144 Patients, aged 58 years (IQR: 47–67), 50% female, 19.4% DM, 100% inpatients | |||
| Anjum, 2020 17 (Pakistan) | March 2020 to July 2020 | RT‐PCR | All groups | 140 Patients, aged 42.5 ± 14.7 years, 41.4% female, BMI: 23.5 ± 3.6 |
Abbrevations: COVID‐19, coronavirus disease 2019; DM, diabetes mellitus; IQR, interquartile range; RT‐PCR, real‐time reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction.