Figure 2.

Outcome-based quantification of resilience. Kalisch et al. (2015) proposed to quantify resilience (R) as the ratio of changes in mental health problems P from before (T0) to after (T1) stressor exposure E. Stressors are summed over the observation period (from T0 to T1). Adapted from Kalisch et al. (2015) (their Figure 1). Reproduced with permission.