Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors
| On statin therapy | No statin therapy | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic | P | ||||
| Number of Patients | 861 | 1896 | |||
| Sex – no. (%) | |||||
| Male | 571/861 | (66.3) | 1001/1896 | (52.8) | <0.001 |
| Female | 290/861 | (33.7) | 869/1896 | (47.2) | <0.001 |
| Age – years mean (SD) | 70 | (9.6) | 61 | (13.6) | <0.001 |
| Age – years, median (IQR) | 70 | (63–76) | 63 | (54–71) | <0.001 |
| Race or ethnic group – no. (%) | 0.07 | ||||
| White | 788/844 | (93.4) | 1673/1842 | (90.8) | |
| Asian | 19/844 | (2.3) | 77/1842 | (4.2) | |
| Black or African American | 18/844 | (2.1) | 39/1842 | (2.1) | |
| Hispanic | 7/844 | (0.8) | 22/1842 | (1.2) | |
| Other | 12/844 | (1.4) | 31/1842 | (1.7) | |
| Clinical parameters – mean. (SD) | |||||
| Body mass index - (kg/m2) | 28.1 | (5.8) | 26.4 | (5.6) | <0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 129.3 | (18.9) | 126.7 | (18.3) | 0.002 |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 74.5 | (9.6) | 76.3 | (9.7) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular risk factors – no (%) | |||||
| Hypertension | 599/857 | (69.9) | 755/1892 | (39.9) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes | 245/857 | (28.6) | 187/1892 | (9.9) | <0.001 |
| Smoking current or prior | 163/857 | (19.0) | 266/1892 | (14.1) | 0.001 |
| Cardiovascular diagnoses – no (%) | |||||
| History of myocardial infarction | 91/862 | (10.6) | 41/1896 | (2.2) | <0.001 |
| History of ischemic stroke | 44/861 | (5.1) | 37/1896 | (2.0) | <0.001 |
| History of transient ischemic attack | 25/861 | (2.9) | 15/1896 | (0.8) | <0.001 |
| History of coronary revascularization | 123/861 | (14.2) | 60/1896 | (3.2) | <0.001 |
| History of atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter | 134/857 | (15.6) | 159/1892 | (8.4) | <0.001 |
| History of heart failure | 178/857 | (20.8) | 155/1892 | (8.2) | <0.001 |
| Cardiovascular medications – no. (%) | |||||
| Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker | 350/848 | (41.3) | 262/1855 | (14.1) | <0.001 |
| Anti-arrhythmic | 57/848 | (6.7) | 57/1855 | (3.1) | <0.001 |
| Beta-blockers | 365/848 | (43.0) | 263/1855 | (14.2) | <0.001 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 201/848 | (23.7) | 195/1855 | (10.5) | <0.001 |
| Nitrates | 72/848 | (8.5) | 25/1855 | (1.3) | <0.001 |
| Loop diuretics | 322/848 | (38.0) | 349/1855 | (18.8) | <0.001 |
| Non-statin dyslipidemia therapies | 37/848 | (4.4) | 28/1855 | (1.5) | <0.001 |
| Aspirin | 370/848 | (43.6) | 208/1855 | (11.2) | <0.001 |
| Other anti-platelet therapies | 59/848 | (7.0) | 7/1855 | (0.4) | <0.001 |
| Low molecular weight heparin | 219/848 | (25.8) | 452/1855 | (24.4) | 0.44 |
| Direct oral anticoagulants | 37/848 | (4.4) | 41/1855 | (2.2) | 0.003 |
| Warfarin | 62/848 | (7.3) | 45/1855 | (2.4) | <0.001 |
| Statin intensity | |||||
| Low intensity | 111/856 | (13.0) | |||
| Moderate intensity | 510/856 | (59.6) | |||
| High intensity | 235/856 | (27.5) | |||
| Statin type | |||||
| Hydrophilic | 171/861 | (19.9) | |||
| Lipophilic | 690/861 | (80.1) | |||
| Other medical comorbidities – no (%) | |||||
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 130/857 | (15.2) | 155/1893 | (8.2) | <0.001 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 158/857 | (18.4) | 169/1893 | (8.9) | <0.001 |
| Cancer types – no. (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Non-small cell lung | 300/859 | (34.9) | 480/1889 | (25.4) | <0.001 |
| Melanoma | 251/859 | (29.2) | 525/1889 | (27.8) | 0.47 |
| Head and neck | 103/859 | (12.0) | 229/1889 | (12.1) | 1.0 |
| Renal and genitourinary | 68/859 | (7.9) | 106/1889 | (5.6) | 0.027 |
| Breast | 31/859 | (3.6) | 88/1889 | (4.7) | 0.25 |
| Gastrointestinal | 18/859 | (2.1) | 90/1889 | (4.8) | 0.001 |
| Gynecologic | 15/859 | (1.7) | 92/1889 | (4.9) | <0.001 |
| Lymphoma | 18/859 | (2.1) | 80/1889 | (4.2) | 0.007 |
| Hepatocellular | 13/589 | (1.5) | 45/1889 | (2.4) | 0.19 |
| Cholangiocarcinoma | 9/859 | (1.0) | 30/1889 | (1.6) | 0.35 |
| Pancreatic | 4/859 | (0.5) | 33/1889 | (1.7) | 0.012 |
| Other | 29/859 | (3.4) | 91/1889 | (4.8) | 0.11 |
| Prior potentially cardiotoxic cancer therapies – no. (%) | |||||
| Radiation therapy | 187/857 | (21.8) | 384/1892 | (20.3) | 0.39 |
| Fluorouracil | 81/853 | (9.5) | 203/1866 | (10.9) | 0.30 |
| Anthracyclines | 35/853 | (4.1) | 116/1866 | (6.2) | 0.032 |
| Tyrosine kinase inhibitors | 19/853 | (2.2) | 42/1866 | (2.3) | 1.0 |
| Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 1 inhibitors | 13/853 | (1.5) | 31/1866 | (1.7) | 0.92 |
| Immune checkpoint inhibitor type – no. (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Monotherapy | |||||
| Programmed death-ligand-1 | 71/861 | (8.2) | 208/1896 | (11.0) | |
| Cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte associated protein 4 | 82/861 | (9.5) | 136/1896 | (7.2) | |
| Programmed death-protein 1 | 669/861 | (77.7) | 1397/1896 | (73.6) | |
| Cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte associated protein 4 or programmed death protein 1 | 0/861 | (0) | 1/1896 | (0.1) | |
| Combination therapy | |||||
| Cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte associated protein 4/Programmed death protein 1 | 39/861 | (4.5) | 154/1895 | (8.1) | |
| Number of cycles of ICI – no, (IQR) | 5 | (2–11) | 5 | (2–11) | 0.56 |
| Steroid treatment at start of ICI | 126/741 | (17.0) | 291/1600 | (18.2) | 0.52 |
| Follow up time – days, (IQR) | 192 | (64–428) | 195 | (66–405) | 0.51 |