Table 1.

Potential measures of model constructs.

Construct	Selected dimensions	Potential measures	Example of model application
			Primary care provider serving as a champion for medication-assisted treatment (MAT) in her clinic
Champion perceptions of the innovation	• Relative advantage • Compatibility • Complexity	Kegler et al. (2018) Huijg et al. (2014)	Survey the champion on perceptions of the relative advantage, compatibility, and complexity of MAT
Champion Commitment	Willingness to allocate timeWillingness to put reputation at stake	Howell et al. (2005)Holt et al. (2007)	Survey the champion about her level of commitment to the champion role (e.g., willingness to allocate time to champion activities).
Champion experience and self-efficacy	• Experience and self-efficacy with the innovation • Experience and self-efficacy with leading organizational change	Huijg et al. (2014) Tucker et al. (2009)	Survey the champion on her knowledge, experience, and self-efficacy related to the innovation and leading organizational change
Organizational support for the champion	• Available resources • Leadership support	Walker et al. (2019) Helfrich et al. (2009)	Survey of the champion about her perceptions about support she is receiving from her clinic leadership for performing the champion role (e.g., reward/recognition for the role, necessary resources, dedicated time)
Champion performance	Pre-implementation • Communicating the need for and benefits of the innovation • Convening stakeholders • Securing needed resources Implementation • Facilitate users’ development of knowledge and skills • Troubleshoot problems • Monitor use of the innovation	Standardized reporting template provided to the champion to document activities, such as • Resources allocated to the implementation effort • Number of consultations held with peers to answer questions • Problems identified by users and actions taken	In the pre-implementation phase, the champion uses the standardized reporting template to document actions taken for communicating the need for and benefits of MAT, stakeholder meetings, and resources secured for the implementation effort
Peer perceptions of the champion	Pre-implementation • Expresses enthusiasm and confidence • Persists under adversity • Gets the right people involved • Relative advantage • Compatibility • Complexity Implementation • Coordinating activities • Troubleshooting problems	Howell et al. (2005) Kegler et al. (2018) Huijg et al. (2014) Aarons et al. (2014) Helfrich et al. (2009) Ehrhart et al. (2015)	In the pre-implementation phase, clinicians who are intended users of MAT in the clinic complete a survey about the champion’s enthusiasm, persistence, and ability to engage the right people in the implementation. The survey also includes items about their own perceptions about the relative advantage, compatibility, and complexity of MAT
Champion impact	Pre-implementation • Acceptability • Appropriateness • Feasibility • Organizational readiness for change Implementation • Implementation climate • Adoption • Penetration • Fidelity • Implementation costs	Weiner et al. (2017) Holt et al. (2007) Shea et al. (2014) Jacobs et al. (2014)	In the pre-implementation phase, intended users of MAT respond to a survey about the acceptability, appropriateness, and feasibility of MAT as well as their clinic’s readiness for implementing MAT