Table 5.
Comparison of maximum uremic toxin removal capacity of the various adsorbents
| Adsorbent | Maximum adsorption capacity (mg/g) | References | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Creatinine | Uric acid | ||
| RAC | 430 | 504 | In this work |
| Spherical activated carbon | 18.4 | 24.3 | [47] |
| Highly mesoporous activated carbons | 68.6 | - | [38] |
| Active carbons with nitric acid hydrothermal Modification | 62.5 | - | [15] |
| Spherical activated carbon | 18 | 20 | [39] |
| polyaniline‑poly (styrene sulfonate) hydrogels based Activated carbon particle | 341.2 | - | [40] |
| Zinc oxide nanoparticles loaded on activated carbon | - | 345.8 | [51] |
| Pitch-based spherical activated | - | 333.1 | [52] |
| Carbon nanotubes | 47.2 | - | [50] |
| Polymeric microsphere | 25 | - | [53] |
| Three-component dual-layer hollow fiber membrane | 86.2 | 29.3 | [49] |
| Porous polyethersulfone mixed-matrix membranes | 133.3 | - | [54] |
| Electrospun polyethersulfone/polyvinylpyrrolidone-zeolite core–shell | 4.8 | - | [36] |
| Dealuminated zeolites | 70 | - | [55] |
| Zeolite-polymer composite nanofibers | 92 | - | [56] |
| Mordenite | 22 | - | [57] |
| Graphene oxide | 4.1 | - | [58] |
| Magnetic graphene oxide | 46.21 | [59] | |
| Cellulose dinitrobenzoate | 3.9 | - | [60] |
| Cellulose nitrate derivatives | 2.1 | - | [61] |
| Ti3C2Tx MXene | 45.7 | 17 | [44] |
| Zn1-xMgxFe2O4 | 77 | 21 | [48] |
| PEI/SiO2 | - | 84.9 | [62] |