TABLE 2.
Estimated measurements of metabolic parameters according to social jetlag (n = 625).
| Mean + SE |
Effects |
|||||||||
| SJL ≤ 1 h (n = 470) |
SJL > 1 h (n = 155) |
Time |
SJL |
Time*SJL |
||||||
| All (n = 654) | Baseline | 1-year follow-up | Baseline | 1-year follow-up | Df | p* | Df | p* | Df | P |
| Fasting glucose†, mg/Dl | 105.5 ± 1.8 | 105.5 ± 2.5 | 109.2 ± 4.3 | 108.6 ± 4.2 | 1 | 0.89 | 1 | 0.42 | 1 | 0.89 |
| HbA1c†,% | 6.8 ± 0.1 | 6.6 ± 0.2 | 6.8 ± 0.1 | 6.8 ± 0.3 | 1 | 0.64 | 1 | 0.76 | 1 | 0.53 |
| Total cholesterol‡, mg/dL | 198.1 ± 2.6 | 200.5 ± 2.6 | 195.0 ± 3.9 | 203.0 ± 4.3 | 1 | 0.02a | 1 | 0.93 | 1 | 0.20 |
| HDL-c‡, mg/Dl | 47.9 ± 0.7 | 48.3 ± 0.9 | 47.0 ± 1.3 | 47.9 ± 1.5 | 1 | 0.25 | 1 | 0.68 | 1 | 0.59 |
| LDL-c‡, mg/Dl | 119.3 ± 2.3 | 122.3 ± 2.3 | 116.9 ± 3.4 | 125.8 ± 3.8 | 1 | 0.002b | 1 | 0.94 | 1 | 0.08 |
| Triglycerides‡, mg/Dl | 159.5 ± 5.0 | 162.4 ± 5.2 | 160.8 ± 8.9 | 153.1 ± 7.0 | 1 | 0.56 | 1 | 0.63 | 1 | 0.21 |
| Systolic BP§, mm Hg | 94.2 ± 1.2 | 95.6 ± 1.4 | 94.4 ± 2.1 | 95.1 ± 2.1 | 1 | 0.35 | 1 | 0.93 | 1 | 0.77 |
| Diastolic BP§, mm Hg | 115.6 ± 1.5 | 117.4 ± 1.5 | 119.0 ± 2.3 | 126.5 ± 3.1 | 1 | 0.001c | 1 | 0.03d | 1 | 0.07 |
*p-values calculated by generalized estimating equation (GEE). p < 0.05 was considered significant. †Adjusted for age, sex, time since diagnosis of type 2 diabetes, minutes of physical activity per week, BMI, menopause status and total calorie intake. ‡Adjusted for age, sex, time since diagnosis of dyslipidemia, minutes of physical activity per week, BMI, menopause status and total calorie intake. §Adjusted for age, sex, time since diagnosis of systemic arterial hypertension, minutes of physical activity per week, BMI, menopause status and total calorie intake. aIsolated effect of time for total cholesterol. Baseline = 196.0 ± 2.2; 1-year follow up = 201.5 ± 2.4, p = 0.02; effect sizes (Cohen’s d) = 0.002. bIsolated effect of time for LDL-c. Baseline = 117.8 ± 2.1; 1-year follow up = 123.8 ± 2.2, p = 0.002; effect sizes (Cohen’s d) = 0.002. cIsolated effect of time for diastolic BP. Baseline (117.3 ± 1.3); 1-year follow up (121.6 ± 1.7, p = 0.001); effect sizes (Cohen’s d) = 0.003. dIsolated effect of SJL for diastolic BP. SJL ≤ 1 h = 116.2 ± 1.4; SJL > 1 h = 122.5 ± 2.4, p = 0.03), effect sizes (Cohen’s d) = 0.006. Df, degree of freedom; SJL, social jetlag; HbA1c, glycated hemoglobin; SE, standard error. Values in bold are statistically significant.