Table 1. Malaria positivity rate % (95%CI) in children below five years and pregnant women by microscopy and PCR techniques in Kwale and Siaya counties, Kenya.
| Factor | Total number of facilities | Total number of participants (%) | Positive rate by microscopy % (95%CI) | Positive rate by PCR % (95%CI) | Positive rate by both microscopy and PCR % (95%CI) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Overall (n = 1026) | Children below five years (n = 542) | Pregnant women (n = 484) | Overall (n = 978) | Children below five years (n = 528) | Pregnant women (n = 450) | Overall (n = 1013) | Children below five years (n = 540) | Pregnant women (n = 473) | |||
| Overall | 11 | 1128 (100%) | 39.0 (29.5–51.6) | 50.4 (39.4–64.5) | 30.6 (22.4–41.7) | 27.9 (20.9–37.2) | 34.1 (27.1–42.9) | 22.0 (13.3–36.3) | 21.6 (15.5–30.1) | 29.8 (23.7–37.6) | 15.9 (9.8–25.5) |
| County | |||||||||||
| Kwale County | 5 | 362 (32.1%) | 21.8 (13.7–34.7) | 37.9 (22.9–62.7) | 8.6 (5.6–13.2) | 16.5 (9.2–29.5) | 27.5 (14.5–52.5) | 5.2 (3.2–8.5) | 11.9 (4.7–30.2) | 26.2 (13.3–51.8) | 2.3 (1.1–5.1) |
| Matuga | 1 | 61 (16.9%) | 41.0 (30.3–55.4) | 57.9 (44.1–75.9) | 13.6 (4.8–39.0) | 28.3 (18.9–42.4) | 39.5 (26.6–58.5) | 9.1 (2.4–34.1) | 26.2 (17.2–40.0) | 39.5 (26.6–58.5) | 4.5 (0.7–30.8) |
| Kinango | 1 | 60 (16.6%) | 26.7 (17.5–40.6) | 50.0 (35.0–71.5) | 3.3 (0.5–22.9) | 25.0 (16.1–38.8) | 46.7 (31.8–68.4) | 3.3 (0.5–22.9) | 25.0 (16.1–38.8) | 46.7 (31.8–68.4) | 3.3 (0.5–22.9) |
| Msambweni | 1 | 63 (17.4%) | 23.8 (15.3–37.0) | 43.3 (28.8–65.2) | 6.7 (1.7–25.4) | 15.0 (8.2–27.4) | 26.7 (14.7–48.3) | 3.6 (0.5–24.5) | 12.7 (6.6–24.3) | 26.7 (14.7–48.3) | 0 |
| Lunga lunga | 1 | 120 (33.2%) | 16.0 (10.6–24.1) | 12.9 (5.2–32.2) | 10.7 (3.7–31.2) | 5.2 (1.7–15.6) | 0 | 7.4 (2.0–28.1) | 0.9 (0.1–6.6) | 0 | 3.6 (0.5–24.5) |
| Mobile clinic* | 1 | 58 (16.0%) | 5.6 (1.8–16.7) | 6.3 (0.9–41.7) | 11.1 (3.0–41.0) | 2.9 (0.4–19.7) | 10.0 (1.6–64.2) | 0 | 1.9 (0.3–12.9) | 6.3 (0.9–41.7) | 0 |
| Siaya County | 6 | 766 (67.9%) | 47.0 (37.1–59.6) | 54.9 (41.5–72.7) | 38.5 (31.6–46.9) | 32.2 (24.0–43.1) | 36.4 (28.5–46.5) | 27.8 (17.3–44.4) | 26.1 (19.9–34.2) | 31.1 (24.6–39.5) | 20.9 (14.0–31.2) |
| Rarieda | 1 | 112 (14.6%) | 29.5 (22.1–39.2) | 32.8 (23.1–46.6) | 25.5 (15.7–41.6) | 22.0 (15.5–31.3) | 25.0 (16.4–38.2) | 18.2 (9.7–34.0) | 21.6 (15.2–30.8) | 25.0 (16.4–38.2) | 17.4 (9.3–32.6) |
| Gem | 1 | 132 (17.2%) | 38.6 (31.1–47.9) | 44.6 (34.0–58.5) | 32.8 (23.1–46.6) | 26.6 (19.9–35.4) | 33.8 (24.1–47.5) | 19.4 (11.6–32.2) | 19.8 (14.1–28.0) | 24.6 (16.1–37.7) | 15.9 (9.0–28.0) |
| Ugenya | 1 | 131 (17.1%) | 66.4 (58.8–75.0) | 86.2 (78.2–95.0) | 47.0 (36.3–60.7) | 51.9 (44.0–61.3) | 49.2 (38.5–63.0) | 54.7 (43.8–68.4) | 42.3 (34.6–51.7) | 47.7 (37.0–61.5) | 36.9 (26.9–50.7) |
| Ugunja | 1 | 132 (17.2%) | 46.2 (38.4–55.5) | 55.2 (44.5–68.5) | 36.9 (26.9–50.7) | 36.2 (28.8–45.4) | 50.0 (39.3–63.6) | 21.9 (13.8–34.8) | 24.2 (17.9–32.8) | 35.8 (26.0–49.4) | 12.3 (6.4–23.6) |
| Alego-Usonga | 1 | 146 (19.1%) | 58.9 (51.4–67.5) | 67.6 (57.6–79.4) | 50.7 (40.1–64.2) | 33.1 (25.8–42.4) | 34.8 (25.1–48.5) | 33.3 (22.9–48.6) | 27.9 (21.3–36.6) | 30.0 (21.0–42.9) | 27.1 (17.8–41.2) |
| Bondo | 1 | 113 (14.8%) | 37.2 (29.2–47.2) | 41.5 (31.1–55.4) | 31.9 (21.0–48.5) | 19.8 (13.6–28.8) | 25.0 (16.4–38.2) | 12.8 (6.0–27.0) | 18.8 (12.8–27.6) | 23.4 (15.1–36.5) | 12.8 (6.0–27.0) |
| Mobile clinic** | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Gender # | |||||||||||
| Male | - | 272 (50.5%) | - | 54.1 (43.4–67.4) | - | - | 38.5 (28.4–52.0) | - | - | 33.1 (24.6–44.5) | - |
| Female | - | 267 (49.5%) | - | 42.9 (31.3–58.7) | - | - | 30.5 (21.9–42.4) | - | - | 26.2 (18.1–37.9) | - |
| Children age category # | |||||||||||
| <2 years | - | 295 (55.2%) | - | 40.3 (31.3–52.0) | - | - | 27.4 (20.5–36.7) | - | - | 22.5 (17.2–29.5) | - |
| 2–3 years | - | 165 (30.9%) | - | 64.8 (52.4–80.3) | - | - | 41.9 (33.3–52.6) | - | - | 38.8 (30.1–49.9) | - |
| ≥4 years | - | 74 (13.9%) | - | 55.4 (38.5–79.7) | - | - | 44.4 (32.5–60.9) | - | - | 39.2 (27.0–56.9) | - |
| Women age category $ | |||||||||||
| 14–19 years | - | 97 (20.3%) | - | - | 37.1 (23.7–58.1) | - | - | 24.2 (14.2–41.1) | - | - | 18.5 (10.1–33.9) |
| 20–25 years | - | 181 (37.8%) | - | - | 33.1 (25.6–42.9) | - | - | 23.1 (16.7–31.9) | - | - | 18.0 (13.4–24.1) |
| 26–31 years | - | 119 (24.8%) | - | - | 24.4 (16.4–36.2) | - | - | 15.7 (7.4–33.4) | - | - | 10.3 (5.4–19.9) |
| 32–37 years | - | 58 (12.1%) | - | - | 22.4 (12.9–39.0) | - | - | 20.4 (8.1–51.2) | - | - | 10.3 (3.7–29.2) |
| 38–43 years | - | 24 (5.0%) | - | - | 37.5 (18.2–77.1) | - | - | 39.1 (17.5–87.4) | - | - | 29.2 (9.6–88.8) |
| Educational level $ | |||||||||||
| No education | - | 99 (21.3%) | - | - | 19.2 (11.5–32.1) | - | - | 13.2 (7.5–23.1) | - | - | 7.1 (3.2–16.1) |
| Primary | - | 262 (56.3%) | - | - | 30.5 (20.9–44.6) | - | - | 23.4 (12.2–44.6) | - | - | 17.1 (9.3–31.4) |
| Secondary | - | 89 (19.1%) | - | - | 43.8 (32.1–59.8) | - | - | 28.6 (17.7–46.2) | - | - | 23.5 (15.8–35.0) |
| Post-secondary | - | 15 (3.2%) | - | - | 26.7 (18.6–38.3) | - | - | 0 | - | - | 0 |
| Marital status $ | |||||||||||
| Single | - | 80 (17.2%) | - | - | 45.0 (35.8–56.5) | - | - | 27.3 (19.4–38.3) | - | - | 22.8 (16.9–30.7) |
| Married | - | 376 (80.9%) | - | - | 27.9 (19.3–40.4) | - | - | 20.8 (11.2–38.6) | - | - | 14.4 (8.0–26.0) |
| Separated/Widowed | - | 9 (1.9%) | - | - | 11.1 (1.4–86.4) | - | - | 0 | - | - | 0 |
| Trimester $ | |||||||||||
| 1st trimester | - | 40 (9.6%) | - | - | 37.5 (25.2–55.8) | - | - | 32.4 (18.3–57.5) | - | - | 23.7 (13.6–41.3) |
| 2nd trimester | - | 178 (42.7%) | - | - | 27.0 (20.2–35.9) | - | - | 21.8 (14.0–34.0) | - | - | 12.4 (7.4–20.9) |
| 3rd trimester | - | 199 (47.7%) | - | - | 29.1 (19.4–43.9) | - | - | 15.7 (8.5–28.9) | - | - | 14.1 (7.8–25.6) |
The age range for children below five years was <1 year to 4 years, and that for pregnant women was 14 to 43 years.
*Mobile clinics drew their participants from all across the particular county, since they were specialized clinics that traversed the entire county of operation.
**On the day of visit, the mobile clinic for Siaya County was not operational.
#These variables applied only to the data for children below five years.
$These variables applied only to the data for pregnant women.
-Indicates that data was not relevant/available for that variable.