Table 3. Univariable analysis of factors associated with malaria infection (as measured using PCR technique) fitted separately for children below 5 years and pregnant women in Kwale and Siaya counties, Kenya.
| Factor | Univariable analysis of malaria infection measured using PCR technique [OR (95%CI), p-value] | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Children below five years, (n = 528) | Pregnant women, (n = 450) | Overall, (n = 978) | |
| County | |||
| Kwale | Reference | ||
| Siaya | 1.51 (0.98–2.31), p = 0.060 | 6.98 (2.97–16.43), p<0.001* | 2.40 (1.68–3.43), p<0.001* |
| Sub-County & | |||
| Kwale | |||
| Matuga | 5.87 (0.67–51.20), p = 0.109 | 1.25 (0.16–9.67), p = 0.831 | 7.25 (1.99–26.35), p = 0.003* |
| Kinango | 7.88 (0.88–70.15), p = 0.064 | 0.43 (0.04–5.04), p = 0.502 | 6.11 (1.66–22.44), p = 0.006* |
| Msambweni | 3.27 (0.36–30.10), p = 0.295 | 0.46 (0.04–5.43), p = 0.540 | 3.24 (0.83–12.62), p = 0.091 |
| Lunga lunga | Reference | ||
| Siaya | |||
| Rarieda | 1.00 (0.45–2.23), p = 1.000 | 1.52 (0.48–4.79), p = 0.476 | 1.14 (0.60–2.19), p = 0.689 |
| Gem | 1.53 (0.71–3.30), p = 0.272 | 1.64 (0.57–4.75), p = 0.362 | 1.46 (0.80–2.69), p = 0.221 |
| Ugenya | 2.91 (1.38–6.13), p = 0.005* | 8.25 (3.07–22.15), p<0.001* | 4.37 (2.45–7.81), p<0.001* |
| Ugunja | 3.00 (1.43–6.31), p = 0.004* | 1.91 (0.68–5.42), p = 0.222 | 2.29 (1.27–4.12), p = 0.006* |
| Alego-Usonga | 1.61 (0.75–3.43), p = 0.222 | 3.42 (1.22–9.54), p = 0.019* | 2.00 (1.10–3.63), p = 0.023* |
| Bondo | Reference | ||
| Gender # | |||
| Male | 1.43 (0.99–2.05), p = 0.057 | - | - |
| Female | Reference | - | - |
| Children age category # | |||
| <2 years | Reference | - | - |
| 2–3 years | 1.91 (1.27–2.86), p = 0.002* | - | - |
| ≥4 years | 2.12 (1.24–3.60), p = 0.006* | - | - |
| Women age category $ | |||
| 14–19 years | - | 1.25 (0.55–2.82), p = 0.598 | - |
| 20–25 years | - | 1.17 (0.55–2.49), p = 0.678 | - |
| 26–31 years | - | 0.73 (0.32–1.69), p = 0.464 | - |
| 32–37 years | - | 2.51 (0.86–7.31), p = 0.091 | - |
| 38–43 years | - | Reference | - |
| Educational level $ | |||
| No education | - | Reference | - |
| Primary | - | 2.01 (1.02–3.95), p = 0.043* | - |
| Secondary | - | 2.63 (1.22–5.69), p = 0.014* | - |
| Post-secondary | - | Insufficient obs | - |
| Marital status $ | |||
| Single | - | 1.43 (0.81–2.51), p = 0.216 | - |
| Married | - | Reference | - |
| Separated/Widowed | - | Insufficient obs | - |
| Trimester $ | |||
| 1st trimester | - | 2.58 (1.17–5.68), p = 0.019* | - |
| 2nd trimester | - | 1.50 (0.88–2.55), p = 0.134 | - |
| 3rd trimester | - | Reference | - |
| ANC attendance $ | |||
| First ANC visit | - | 9.00 (1.89–42.94), p = 0.006* | - |
| 2–3 ANC visits | - | 2.31 (0.53–10.15), p = 0.268 | - |
| ≥ 4 ANC visits | - | Reference | - |
| IPTp-SP dosage $ | |||
| No SP dose | - | 4.44 (1.64–12.02), p = 0.003* | - |
| < 3 SP doses | - | 1.89 (0.70–5.06), p = 0.207 | - |
| ≥ 3 SP doses | - | Reference | - |
The age range for children below five years was <1 year to 4 years, and that for pregnant women was 14 to 43 years.
*Indicates a statistically significant association, i.e. p<0.05.
&Mobile clinics were excluded here since only one was surveyed in Kwale County and that for Siaya County was not operational on the day of visit; additionally, these clinics draw their participants from all parts of the county.
#These variables applied only to the data for children below five years.
$These variables applied only to the data for pregnant women.
-Indicates that data was not relevant/available for that variable.