Table 2. Characteristics of EWARS systems under investigation.
| Article ID | Case- or alarm-informed EWS | IBS or EBS | Resource needed to implement and use | Outbreak indicator | Alarm indicators | Source of data |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| D1 [21] | Alarm informed | IBS | Routine access to data, staff training (suitable for unskilled) | Weekly hospitalized cases | Multiple of meteorological, epidemiological, and entomological variables | National surveillance system and local meteorological stations |
| D2 [26] | Alarm informed | IBS | Routine access to data, staff training (suitable for unskilled) | Weekly reported cases | Multiple of meteorological, epidemiological, and entomological variables | National surveillance system, local meteorological stations, and Department of Statistics for the demographics |
| D3 [12] | Alarm informed | IBS | Routine access to data, staff training (suitable for unskilled) | Weekly probable and hospitalized cases | Multiple of meteorological, epidemiological, and entomological variables | National surveillance system and local meteorological stations |
| D4 [31] | Case informed | IBS | Routine access to data, staff training (suitable for unskilled) | Weekly probable and lab-confirmed cases | Predictive distribution of provincial weekly reported cases | National surveillance system |
| D5 [28] | Case informed | IBS | Routine access to data, staff training (suitable for unskilled) | Biweekly suspected, and lab-confirmed cases | Predictive distribution of provincial weekly reported cases | CDC |
| D6 [27] | Alarm informed | IBS | Routine access to data (users’ training and level of skills not discussed) | Weekly confirmed or lab-confirmed cases | Weekly meteorological information | MOH and the Centre for Remote Imaging, Sensing, and Processing |
| D7 [57] | Alarm informed | IBS | Routine access to data (users’ training and level of skills not discussed) | Lab-confirmed cases | Meteorological and number of cases | Provincial surveillance system and local meteorological stations |
| D8 [30] | Alarm informed | IBS | Routine access to data (users’ training and level of skills not discussed) | Mathematically simulated: infestation index of Aedes aegypti | Extensive meteorological data | National surveillance system and local meteorological stations |
| D9 [38] | Alarm informed | IBS | Routine access to data (users’ training and level of skills not discussed) | Monthly incidence cases | Multiple of meteorological, epidemiological, and remote sensing data | National surveillance system |
| D10 [23] | Alarm informed | IBS | Not discussed | Imported cases | Monthly meteorological information | The European environment and epidemiology (E3) network |
| D11 [43] | Alarm informed | IBS | Routine access to data, staff training (users’ skills not discussed) | Lab-confirmed cases | Monthly meteorological information | National surveillance system |
| D12 41] | Alarm informed | IBS | Not discussed | Weekly notifiable cases | Meteorological information | National CDC, provincial, meteorological and demographic data |
| D13 [42] | Alarm informed | IBS | Routine access to data and high statistical skills | Weekly notifiable cases | Meteorological information | National surveillance, meteorological systems, and search engine of Baidu index database |
| D14 [44] | Alarm informed | IBS | Routine access to time series data and high statistical skills | Weekly confirmed cases | Meteorological information | Local Arbovirus National Reference Centre |
| D15 [40] | Alarm informed | IBS | Routine access to time series data and high statistical skills | Lab-confirmed cases | Meteorological information | National surveillance system and the Global Historical Climate Network |
| D16 [45] | Alarm informed | IBS | Routine access to time series data and high statistical skills | Lab-confirmed cases | Weekly meteorological information | National surveillance and meteorological systems |
| D17 [13] | Alarm informed | IBS | Not discussed | Lab-confirmed cases | Weekly meteorological information | MOH, national climatic, and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |
| D18 [35] | Case informed | IBS | Routine access to time series data and high statistical skills | Monthly confirmed cases | Historical cases | National surveillance system and MOPH |
| D19 [32] | Case informed | IBS | Routine access to time series data and high statistical skills | Monthly lab-confirmed cases | Index of mosquito survival and disease resistance (entomological data) | Health department and the Center for Climate data |
| D20 [33] | Alarm informed | IBS | Routine access to time series data and high statistical skills | Dengue cases | Information of dengue incidence and meteorological information | MOH |
| D21 [39] | Alarm informed | IBS | Routine access to time series data and high statistical skills | Monthly confirmed cases | Historical cases and meteorological information | MOH and WMO |
| D22 [58] | Alarm informed | IBS | Routine access to time series data and high statistical skills | Lab-confirmed cases | Meteorological information | National surveillance system and cartographic data |
| D23 [37] | Alarm informed | IBS | Routine access to time series data and high statistical skills | Lab-confirmed cases | Meteorological and entomological information | National surveillance system and local entomological and meteorological stations |
| D24 [29] | Alarm informed | IBS | Routine access to time series data and high statistical skills | Dengue cases | Meteorological and entomological information | Surveillance system (MOH) |
| D25 [69] | Alarm informed | IBS | Routine access to time series data and high statistical skills | Dengue cases | Meteorological information | Surveillance system (MOH) and ECMWF |
| D26 [36] | Alarm informed | IBS | Routine access to time series data and high statistical skills | Monthly confirmed cases | Meteorological, entomological, cartographic, and epidemiological information | National surveillance, meteorological systems, and Institute for Geography and Statistics |
| D27 [56] | Alarm informed | IBS | Routine access to time series data and high statistical skills | Monthly confirmed cases | Meteorological information | Regional epidemiology and meteorological stations |
| D28 [22] | Alarm informed | IBS | Routine access to time series data and high statistical skills | Monthly confirmed cases | Meteorological information | Local MOH and meteorological stations (Japan, Singapore, Taiwan, and Thailand) |
| Z1 [24] | Alarm informed | EBS | Routine access to time series data and Google Trends search data and high statistical skills | Confirmed and suspected cases | Google Trends search | Google, national surveillance data, and PAHO |
| Z2 [25] | Alarm informed | IBS | Routine access to time series data and high statistical skills | Suspected cases | Meteorological information | National surveillance system and local meteorological stations |
| M1 [47] | Alarm informed | IBS | Routine access to time series data and high statistical skills | Hospitalized and lab-confirmed cases | Meteorological information | International Research Institute for Climate Prediction |
| M2 [48] | Alarm informed | IBS | Routine access to time series data | Lab-confirmed cases | Meteorological information | Meteorological stations |
| M3 [34] | Alarm informed | IBS | Routine access to time series data | Lab-confirmed cases | Meteorological information | MOH |
| M4 [49] | Alarm informed | IBS | Routine access to time series data and high statistical skills | Lab-confirmed cases | Meteorological information, vegetation indices, and actual evapotranspiration | Satellite-derived meteorological data and earth sciences data |
| M5 [50] | Alarm informed | IBS | Routine access to time series data and high statistical skills | Monthly confirmed cases | Meteorological information | N/A |
| M6 [51] | Alarm informed | IBS | Routine access to time series data and high statistical skills | Model simulation (no cases) | Meteorological information | Local meteorological and national surveillance |
| M7 [46] | Case informed | EBS | Routine access to time series data and high statistical skills | Incidence of malaria | N/A | ARHB US NASA |
Reference: Article ID; D = dengue, Z = Zika, and M = malaria.
ARHB, Amhara Regional Health Bureau; CDC, Centre for Disease Control and Prevention; EBS, event-based surveillance; ECMWF, European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecast; EWARS, early warning and response system; IBS, indicator-based surveillance; lab, laboratory; MOH, Ministry of Health; MOPH, Ministry of Public Health; N/A, not available/no answer; NASA, National Aeronautics and Space Administration; PAHO, Pan American Health Organization; WMO, World Meteorological Organization.