Table 1. Clinical and demographic characteristics of the HF patient cohort.
| Variables | HF patient cohort (n=584) | |
|---|---|---|
|
| ||
| β-blocker group (n=304) | Non-β-blocker group (n=280) | |
| Mean Age±SD (years) (range) | 60±10 (24 – 89) | 59±11 (25 – 90) |
| Males (%) | 73 | 73 |
| Mean body mass index (kg/m2) (range) | 22 (19.5 – 24.5) | 23.5 (21.1 – 26.5) |
| Mean follow up time (years) (range) | 3.7 (3 – 7) | 3.5 (3 – 7) |
| Hemodynamics | ||
| Heart rate (beats/min) | 78 | 80 |
| Mean systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 128 (81 – 171) | 123 (80 – 170) |
| Mean diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 84 (50 – 139) | 72 (55 – 130) |
| HF Etiology, n (%) | ||
| Coronary artery disease | 89 (26) | 131 (47)* |
| Dilated cardiomyopathy | 164 (54) | 109 (36)* |
| Rheumatic heart disease | 0 | 24 (8)* |
| HF Characteristics, n (%) | ||
| LV systolic dysfunction | 106 (35) | 112 (40) |
| LV diastolic dysfunction | 100 (32.8) | 50 (18)* |
| Biventricular dysfunction | 74 (24) | 40 (14)* |
| Pulmonary artery hypertension | 52 (17) | 50 (18) |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||
| Type II diabetes mellitus and its associated disorders | 106 (35) | 168 (60)* |
| Systemic hypertension | 128 (42) | 84 (30)* |
| Dyslipidemia | 76 (25) | 42 (15)* |
| Hypothyroidism | 49 (16) | 56 (20) |
| Cerebrovascular events | 18 (6) | 12 (4) |
| Renal insufficiency | 9 (3) | 14 (5) |
| Anemia | 6 (2) | 6 (2) |
| β-blocker use, n (%) | ||
| Carvedilol | 183 (60) | - |
| Metoprolol | 52 (17) | - |
| Nebivolol | 38 (12.5) | - |
| Bisoprolol | 32 (10.5) | - |
| Other medications (%) | ||
| ACE inhibitors (angiotensin-converting enzyme) | 103 (34) | 118 (42)* |
| ARB (angiotensin receptor blocker) | 0 | 56 (20)* |
| Diuretics | 170 (56) | 241 (86)* |
| Digitalis glycosides | 91 (30) | 112 (40)* |
| Statins | 31 (10) | 98 (35)* |
| Anticoagulants | 31 (10) | 56 (20)* |
*
p≤0.05 versus β-blocker group.