Table 2.

Triggers of Extra-Cellular Hypokalemia In Periodic Paralysis

Increased Intra-Cellular Shift       Increased Insulin       Increased Beta-Adrenergic Activity       Elevated Extra-Cellular pH       Paradoxical Hypokalemia After Repletion       Increased Hematopoietic Cell Production       Hypothermia       Barium, Cesium and Chloroquine Intoxification       Antipsychotic Medication (Risperidone, Quetiapine)       Familial Hypokalemia Periodic Paralysis       Thyrotoxic Periodic Paralysis

Increased Gasto-Intestinal Losses       Vomiting       Diarrhea & Malabsorption Syndromes (Celiac Disease, Infectious, Short-Bowel Syndrome)       Laxative Use       Tube Decompression/Drainage       Ingestion of Clay (Binds Potassium in the Gastro-Intestinal Tract)

Increased Urinary Losses       Diuretic (Loop Diuretics, Thiazide Diuretics & Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors)       Hyperaldosteronism       Type 1 (Distal) Renal Tubular Acidosis       Type 2 (Proximal) Renal Tubular Acidosis       Hypomagnesemia       Hypercalcemia       Renal Tubular Injury       Sjogren’s Syndrome       Bartter & Gitelman Syndrome       Liddle’s Syndrome       Medication (amphotericin B, cisplatin)

Other Rare Causes       Decreased Potassium Intake       Dialysis       Plasmapheresis