Table 1.

Selected hormones and neurotransmitter systems similarly impacted by chronic palatable food or substances of abuse

Neurotransmitter hormone	Impact of chronic highly palatable food		Impact of chronic substance use or in SUD patients
Striatal Dopamine D2 receptors	↓	Dunn et al., 2012; Haltia et al., 2007; Johnson & Kenney et al., 2010; Lindgren et al., 2018; Stice et al., 2011; Tomasi & Volkow, 2013; Bello et al, 2002 (though see also South and Huang 2008)	↓	Koob and Le Moal 2005
Striatal Dopamine release	↓	Geiger et al., 2009; Rada et al., 2010	↓	Koob and Le Moal, 2005
Striatal DA transporters	↓	Speed et al., 2011; Cone et al., 2013	↓	Kuhar and Pilotte, 1996
Central amygdala CRF-CRF1 activity *effects are different depending on if examined during withdrawal or after chronic exposure. Arrows in this row refer to following withdrawal and not ongoing chronic exposure.	↑	Cottone et al., 2009a; Iemolo et al., 2012; Micioni Di Bonaventura et al., 2014; Micioni Di Bonaventura et al., 2017b	↑	Bruijnzeel et al., 2009; Bruijnzeel et al., 2010; Knapp et al., 2004; Overstreet et al., 2004; Sommer et al., 2008; Skelton et al., 2007; Stinus et al., 2005; Basso et al., 1999; Sarnyai et al., 1995; George et al., 2007; Chu et al., 2007; Funk et al., 2007; Gehlert et al., 2007; Gilpin et al., 2008; Richardson et al., 2008; Sabino et al., 2006; Valdez et al., 2002; Specio et al., 2008; Greenwell et al., 2009; Roberto et al., 2010; Zorrilla et al., 2001; Heinrichs et al., 1995; Maj et al., 2003; McNally and Akil, 2002; Weiss et al., 2001; Richter and Weiss, 1999; Rodriguez de Fonseca et al., 1997; Marcinkiewcz et al., 2009; Iemolo et al., 2013; Roberto et al., 2017
NAc preproenkephalin mRNA	↓	Spangler et al., 2004; Kelley et al., 2003	↓	Spangler et al., 2004
Naloxone/naltrexone withdrawal	↑	Colantuoni et al., 2002; Avena et al., 2008; Mason et al., 2015	↑	Pothos et al., 1991; Skelton et al., 2007; Zhang et al., 2016a
NAc Ach	↑	Colantuoni et al., 2002; Avena et al., 2008; Hoebel et al., 2007	↑	Pothos et al., 1991; Rada et al., 1991;
Metabolic Hormones, inflammatory cytokines and insulin status	Impact of highly palatable food		Impact by Drugs or in models of SUD/AUD or in SUD/AUD patients
Ghrelin	↓	Spierling et al., 2020; Cottone et al., 2008	↓	Suskova-Fiserova et al., 2019 (though see also Wittekind et al., 2019; Farokhnia et al., 2019)
Interleukin-6	↑	Cottone et al., 2009b	↑	Wei et al., 2020
Insulin resistance	↑	Clawson et al., 2019; Woods et al., 2004	↑	Daws et al., 2011; see also Richardson et al., 2014; Ibias et al., 2018