Table 2.
Prevalence of social isolation in an adult population with regard to sociodemographic factors and stratified by gender (n = 9392)
| Total sample | Women (n = 4851) | Men (n = 4542) | Group difference (p value) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prevalence (%) | 95% CI | Prevalence (%) | 95% CI | Prevalence (%) | 95% CI | ||
| Overall | 12.29 | 11.63–12.96 | 10.87 | 10.00–11.75 | 13.81 | 12.81–14.81 | < .001 |
| Age group | < .001 | < .001 | < .001 | ||||
| 18–39 | 5.35 | 4.65–6.04 | 3.97 | 3.12–4.81 | 6.78 | 5.67–7.89 | < .001 |
| 40–49 | 12.65 | 11.14–14.15 | 11.06 | 9.01–13.11 | 14.10 | 11.92–16.28 | .049 |
| 50–59 | 17.89 | 15.66–20.12 | 15.75 | 12.80–18.71 | 20.16 | 16.80–23.52 | .049 |
| 60–69 | 20.72 | 18.27–23.16 | 17.64 | 14.51–20.77 | 24.35 | 20.52–28.18 | .008 |
| 70–79 | 21.71 | 19.45–23.98 | 20.82 | 17.88–23.77 | 22.91 | 19.37–26.45 | .370 |
| Education, n (%) | < .001 | < .001 | < .001 | ||||
| Low | 24.04 | 20.91–27.81 | 24.10 | 19.88–28.32 | 23.97 | 19.26–28.68 | .986 |
| Middle | 12.58 | 11.70–13.46 | 11.59 | 10.41–12.75 | 13.69 | 12.37–15.02 | .019 |
| High | 9.14 | 8.14–10.14 | 6.22 | 5.03–7.42 | 11.95 | 10.38–13.53 | < .001 |
| Number of people in household, n (%) | < .001 | < .001 | < .001 | ||||
| 1 | 15.22 | 13.82–16.61 | 14.54 | 12.66–16.43 | 15.98 | 13.90–18.05 | .323 |
| 2 | 13.93 | 12.89–14.97 | 11.61 | 10.28–12.94 | 16.46 | 14.85–18.07 | < .001 |
| 3 | 6.05 | 4.82–7.29 | 5.79 | 4.03–7.55 | 6.29 | 4.55–8.03 | .683 |
| 4 | 8.30 | 6.51–10.09 | 6.75 | 4.48–9.02 | 9.97 | 7.16–12.77 | .081 |
| ≥ 5 | 3.37 | 1.01–5.73 | 1.17 | 0.01–3.08 | 6.06 | 1.37–10.76 | .028 |
| Living together with spouse, n (%) | < .001 | < .001 | < .01 | ||||
| Yes | 11.16 | 10.37–11.94 | 9.59 | 8.5–10.64 | 12.67 | 11.51–13.84 | < .001 |
| No | 14.42 | 13.21–15.63 | 13.00 | 11.45–14.55 | 16.25 | 14.33–18.17 | .009 |
| Employment status, n (%) | < .001 | < .001 | < .001 | ||||
| Employed | 8.52 | 7.81–9.23 | 7.11 | 6.19–8.04 | 9.95 | 8.86–11.04 | < .001 |
| Unemployed | 14.77 | 12.99–16.55 | 12.81 | 10.40–15.21 | 16.62 | 14.02–19.22 | .034 |
| Retired | 21.53 | 19.71–23.34 | 19.35 | 17.06–21.65 | 24.50 | 21.58–27.43 | .007 |
| Net equivalence income (Euros), M (SD) | < .001 | < .001 | < .001 | ||||
| 1. Quartile (0–1,043.25) | 17.22 | 15.67–18.77 | 15.49 | 13.48–17.49 | 19.32 | 16.91–21.73 | .018 |
| 2. Quartile (1,043.26–1,428.57) | 14.81 | 12.73–15.63 | 11.88 | 10.07–13.69 | 17.07 | 14.71–19.42 | < .001 |
| 3. Quartile (1,428.58–2000.00) | 10.41 | 9.13–11.69 | 10.15 | 8.37–11.94 | 10.67 | 8.84–12.50 | .695 |
| 4. Quartile (≥ 2000.01) | 7.99 | 6.90–9.09 | 5.44 | 4.08–6.81 | 10.12 | 8.47–11.78 | < .001 |
| Socioeconomic status | < .001 | < .001 | < .001 | ||||
| Low | 18.61 | 16.92–20.31 | 16.51 | 14.32–18.69 | 21.19 | 18.53–23.85 | < .001 |
| Middle | 11.82 | 10.96–12.67 | 10.65 | 9.53–11.77 | 13.14 | 11.82–14.41 | < .001 |
| High | 7.22 | 6.00–8.44 | 4.38 | 2.95–5.82 | 9.57 | 7.70–11.44 | < .001 |