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. 2021 Sep 16;11:18495. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-98095-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Designed barcodes. (a) Schematic of the barcodes comprising 2 rows of 4 rectangles areas representing bits. The presence of material in these areas indicates a ‘1’ and the absence indicates a ‘0’. A mark (cut) on the top left corner indicates the start of the reading position. (b) Representation of the physical design, and the corresponding binary and decimal codes for some of the tested devices. (c) Designed barcodes showing all possible encoded combinations, from 0 (top right) to 255 (bottom left).