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. 2021 Sep 16;11:16490. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-95922-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Reduced global IED rates are dependent on the duration of music exposure. (a) GEE models showed that the original version of K448 was the only stimulus effective at reducing IEDs with at least 90-s of exposure. (b) Nonsignificant reductions were observed for the altered versions of K448 (top = modulatedK448, bottom = filteredK448). (c) Partitioning the 90-s window of Mozart’s original K448 revealed that IED reductions only began after 30-s of exposure. There was a significant IED reduction between the 0–15 and 30–45 windows (p = 0.004). Control stimuli (musical control = Wagner’s Lohengrin [Prelude to Act I], nonmusical control = violet noise) demonstrated nonsignificant IED reductions for each time window. (d) All other musical stimuli presented to Group 90 showed nonsignificant IED reductions. “T” or “N” following each song label indicates if the gamma-range auditory modulation spectrum of that song matched (“T”) or did not match (“N”) that of K448. “Altered” indicates signals with secondary gamma modulations. Significance at *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.