Table 3.
Scores of students on the learning approaches and learning styles in relation to their views about the value of attending lectures
| I understand better when I take my own notes during lectures | Lectures put me in a learning mode or mind frame | Lectures help me achieve better grades | Attending lectures improves long term retention | There is a learning value to attending lectures not reflected in exam performance | Lectures are absolutely of no value | Watching videos of a lecture provides equivalent education to attending the lecture | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | ||
| Learning approaches | ||||||||
| Deep | Disagree | 22 ± 3 | 23 ± 3 | 23 ± 4 | 23 ± 4 | 23 ± 4 | 23 ± 3 | 23 ± 5 |
| Neither | 22 ± 4 | 25 ± 3 | 23 ± 3 | 24 ± 3 | 23 ± 3 | 23 ± 4 | 24 ± 3 | |
| Agree | 24 ± 4 | 23 ± 3 | 23 ± 4 | 23 ± 4 | 23 ± 4 | 24 ± 3 | 23 ± 3 | |
| Strategic | Disagree | 21 ± 6 | 21 ± 4 | 22 ± 5 | 21 ± 5 | 22 ± 5 | 22 ± 5 | 24 ± 6 |
| Neither | 23 ± 4 | 23 ± 6 | 22 ± 5 | 22 ± 4 | 24 ± 3 | 22 ± 6 | 23 ± 4 | |
| Agree | 22 ± 5 | 22 ± 5 | 21 ± 6 | 22 ± 6 | 21 ± 6 | 22 ± 4 | 21 ± 5 | |
| Superficial | Disagree | 18 ± 6 | 19 ± 5 | 18 ± 5 | 18 ± 5 | 19 ± 4 | 18 ± 5 | 14 ± 5 |
| Neither | 19 ± 6 | 17 ± 5 | 19 ± 5 | 20 ± 4 | 19 ± 5 | 18 ± 6 | 18 ± 3 | |
| Agree | 18 ± 4 | 18 ± 5 | 17 ± 5 | 17 ± 5 | 18 ± 5 | 20 ± 5 | 19 ± 5a | |
| Learning styles | ||||||||
| Visual | Disagree | 27 ± 8 | 24 ± 8 | 23 ± 6 | 23 ± 7 | 24 ± 7 | 22 ± 7 | 23 ± 7 |
| Neither | 21 ± 6a | 22 ± 6 | 23 ± 7 | 22 ± 6 | 23 ± 7 | 22 ± 7 | 20 ± 6 | |
| Agree | 22 ± 6a | 22 ± 6 | 21 ± 7 | 22 ± 7 | 22 ± 6 | 25 ± 6 | 23 ± 7 | |
| Tactile | Disagree | 24 ± 9 | 23 ± 8 | 24 ± 8 | 24 ± 9 | 26 ± 8 | 22 ± 9 | 26 ± 9 |
| Neither | 23 ± 8 | 27 ± 7 | 23 ± 10 | 25 ± 9 | 22 ± 8 | 25 ± 8 | 19 ± 7 | |
| Agree | 23 ± 9 | 22 ± 10 | 23 ± 9 | 22 ± 9 | 22 ± 9 | 26 ± 7 | 24 ± 9 | |
| Auditory | Disagree | 28 ± 11 | 24 ± 10 | 25 ± 9 | 26 ± 10 | 26 ± 9 | 21 ± 7 | 25 ± 9 |
| Neither | 24 ± 7 | 26 ± 7 | 21 ± 6 | 22 ± 7 | 23 ± 8 | 23 ± 7 | 19 ± 7 | |
| Agree | 20 ± 7a | 20 ± 7 | 21 ± 8 | 20 ± 7a | 20 ± 7a | 30 ± 12a | 22 ± 8 | |
| Group | Disagree | 30 ± 10 | 23 ± 8 | 24 ± 10 | 25 ± 11 | 26 ± 12 | 24 ± 9 | 25 ± 10 |
| Neither | 26 ± 10 | 28 ± 12 | 24 ± 9 | 26 ± 11 | 25 ± 8 | 25 ± 11 | 22 ± 8 | |
| Agree | 23 ± 9 | 24 ± 9 | 26 ± 9 | 23 ± 8 | 24 ± 9 | 27 ± 13 | 25 ± 10 | |
| Kinesthetic | Disagree | 26 ± 10 | 24 ± 8 | 24 ± 9 | 25 ± 9 | 26 ± 8 | 22 ± 9 | 24 ± 10 |
| Neither | 21 ± 8 | 23 ± 7 | 22 ± 7 | 23 ± 9 | 22 ± 8 | 23 ± 7 | 18 ± 6 | |
| Agree | 23 ± 8 | 23 ± 9 | 23 ± 9 | 22 ± 8 | 22 ± 9 | 30 ± 9 | 24 ± 9b | |
| Individual | Disagree | 27 ± 9 | 25 ± 8 | 25 ± 9 | 25 ± 8 | 25 ± 8 | 23 ± 7 | 27 ± 8 |
| Neither | 24 ± 7 | 25 ± 9 | 24 ± 7 | 24 ± 8 | 24 ± 9 | 23 ± 8 | 20 ± 7 | |
| Agree | 23 ± 7 | 23 ± 7 | 23 ± 7 | 23 ± 7 | 23 ± 7 | 28 ± 9 | 24 ± 8 | |
Numbers in bold indicate P < 0.00714 by one-way ANOVA for the corresponding learning approach or learning style
aP < 0.00714 compared with “Disagree” Bonferroni post hoc comparison
bP < 0.00714 compared with “Neither” by Bonferroni post hoc comparison