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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Oct 15.
Published in final edited form as: Stat Med. 2021 Jun 21;40(23):5025–5045. doi: 10.1002/sim.9109

FIGURE 2.

FIGURE 2

Simulation scenario 2: Directional pleiotropy, InSIDE satisfied (𝜃 = 0.3). Causal effect estimates and 95% confidence intervals for various Mendelian randomization algorithms (left) and JAM-MR with a range of w values (right). The dashed line at 0.3 represents the true causal effect [Colour figure can be viewed at wileyonlinelibrary.com]