TABLE 1.

Baseline demographic and health care utilization characteristics for adults with diabetes enrolled in New York State Health Homes, with and without substance use disorder

Variable	Substance use disorder (N=7,733)	No substance use disorder (N=12,066)	P-valuea
Gender (%)
Male	49.8%	33.3%	<0.001
Race/ethnicity (%)
White, non-Hispanic	32.3%	31.5%	0.234
Black, non-Hispanic	41.1%	38.0%	<0.001
Hispanic	13.4%	12.2%	0.013
Residence (%)
NYC	60.0%	66.6%	<0.001
Comorbidities (%)
Asthma	37.1%	31.1%	<0.001
Coronary Artery Disease	58.5%	52.0%	<0.001
Bipolar	18.7%	6.3%	<0.001
Schizophrenia	19.7%	8.5%	<0.001
HIV	37.2%	33.6%	<0.001
Age, mean (SD)	50.0 (9.9)	52.0 (10.5)	<0.001
Service utilization, mean (SD)b
ED visits	3.5 (7.5)	1.7 (3.5)	<0.001
Hospital visits	1.5 (3.3)	0.5 (1.5)	<0.001
Outpatient visitsc	38.4 (59.7)	19.3 (17.2)	<0.001
SUD outpatient visits	3.7 (15.3)	0.0 (0.0)	<0.001
Methadone visits	25.3 (71.5)	0.0 (0.0)	<0.001
Diabetes outpatient visits	3.8 (12.6)	3.8 (6.4)	0.731
Service utilization, any (%)b
ED visits	71.0%	55.8%	<0.001
Hospital visits	47.0%	26.8%	<0.001
Outpatient visitsc	97.7%	98.2%	0.011
SUD outpatient visits	25.2%	0.0%	<0.001
Methadone visits	14.0%	0.0%	<0.001
Diabetes outpatient visits	55.4%	64.5%	<0.001
Diabetes care (%)b
Eye exam	34.4%	42.3%	<0.001
HbA1c test	72.9%	80.3%	<0.001
Medical attention for nephropathy	78.8%	77.2%	0.007
All	25.2%	32.7%	<0.001
Medicaid spending, USDb
Mean (SD)	50,122.0 (56,514.0)	35,333.6 (40,825.8)	<0.001
Median	33,084.1	22,407.6

^aFor categorical variables: Pearson chi-square test with 1 degree of freedom; for continuous variables: independent two-sample t-test

^bIn the past 12 months

^cAny outpatient visit, inclusive of SUD, methadone, and diabetes-related outpatient visits but exclusive of ED visits

HH=Health Homes; NYC=New York City; SUD=substance use disorder; HIV=human immunodeficiency virus; ED=emergency department