Table 2.

Therapeutic and mechanistic methods of targeting inflammatory astrocytes.

Disease	Method	Primary target	Model system
Alzheimer’s Disease	Activation of melanocortin receptor by D-Tyrosine (Lau et al., 2021).	Astrocytes	in vivo
Alzheimer’s Disease	Exercise (Belarbi et al., 2011; Nakanishia et al., 2021).	Astrocytes	in vivo
Amyloid Lateral Sclerosis	Intrathecal transplantation of human-grade astrocytes (Izrael et al., 2020).	Astrocytes	in vivo (mouse and human)
Glaucoma Associated Neurodegeneration	Preventing microglial release of IL-1α, TNFα, and C1q by NLY01 (Sterling et al., 2020).	Microglia	in vivo
Huntington’s Disease	Transcriptional repression of mutant huntingtin protein using zinc finger proteins (Diaz-Castro et al., 2019).	Astrocytes	in vivo
Parkinson’s Disease	Dopamine D2 receptor agonist inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation in astrocytes (Zhu et al., 2018).	Astrocytes	in vivo
Parkinson’s Disease	Genetic deletion of Kir6.2 (Song et al., 2021).	Astrocytes	in vivo
Parkinson’s Disease	Prevent microglial release of IL-1α, TNFα, and C1q by NLY01 (Yun et al., 2018).	Microglia	in vitro/in vivo
Prion Disease	Genetic deletion of TNFα, IL-1α, and C1q triple KO (Hartmann et al., 2019).	Microglia	in vivo
Multiple Sclerosis	NLRP3 inflammasome inhibition (Hou et al., 2020).	Astrocytes	in vivo