TABLE 4.

Blood glucose and insulin levels as well as level of insulin resistance indices during the control (CON) and Nordic walking (NW) stages.

Variable	Stage	Before stage	After 4 weeks	After 8 weeks	Effects of intervention
		1	4	8	Friedman’s test	d4-1	d8-1
		Me (Q1, Q3)	Me (Q1, Q3)	Me (Q1, Q3)	p	p (η 2)	p (η 2)
GLU (mmol/L)	CON	5.11 (4.48, 5.60)	5.04 (4.76, 5.22)	5.02 (4.78, 5.54)	0.61	0.16 (0.14)	0.92 (<0.01)
	NW	5.02 (4.78, 5.54)	5.07 (4.70, 5.46)	5.12 (4.74, 5.35)	0.61	0.55 (0.03)	0.85 (<0.01)
INS (μU/mL)	CON	16.35 (7.30, 17.20)	13.20 (10.10, 15.80)	12.95 (10.50, 17.70)	0.93	0.55 (0.03)	0.78 (<0.01)
	NW	12.95 (10.50, 17.70)	13.65 (11.10, 15.80)	14.55 (9.40, 17.00)	0.81	0.97 (<0.01)	0.90 (<0.01)
HOMA-IR	CON	3.90 (1.62, 4.35)	2.80 (2.14, 3.98)	3.07 (2.40, 3.83)	0.93	0.60 (0.03)	0.59 (0.02)
	NW	3.07 (2.40, 3.83)	3.28 (2.54, 3.77)	3.44 (2.22, 4.00)	0.81	0.92 (<0.01)	0.97 (<0.01)
Quicki	CON	0.31 (0.31, 0.36)	0.33 (0.31, 0.34)	0.32 (0.31, 0.33)	0.98	0.78 (<0.01)	0.97 (<0.01)
	NW	0.32 (0.31, 0.33)	0.32 (0.31, 0.33)	0.32 (0.31, 0.34)	0.93	0.94 (<0.01)	0.97 (<0.01)

Me, median; Q1, lower and (Q3) upper quartile; d4-1 and d8-1, difference in results obtained after 4 and 8 weeks, respectively; and before beginning given stage, p < 0.05, statistically significant difference; p ≥ 0.05, statistically insignificant difference; η², effect size: none η² < 0.01, small 0.01 ≤ η² < 0.09, moderate 0.09 ≤ η² < 0.25, large η² ≥ 0.25, GLU, glucose, INS, insulin, HOMA-IR = INS (μIU/mL) × GLU (mmol/L)/22.5, QUICKI = 1/[log INS (μIU/mL) + log GLU (mg/dL)].