Table 4.
State of art synthesis of graphene [141]
| Type | Method | Figure/Illustration | Merits | Challenges |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Top-down (from Graphite) |
Mechanical exfoliation |
|
Less defects |
Neither scalable nor capable for mass production |
| Chemical method |
|
Cost-effective and suitable for mass production |
Utilize many toxic chemical throughout the synthesis process |
|
|
Bottom-up Approach (From Carbon) |
Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) |
|
Compatible with the current complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology due to large area and high-quality graphene produced |
Expensive and involves complex transfer process |
| Epitaxial growth |
|
No defects for every single graphene island | Discontinuous |