Table 1.
Overall subject baseline characteristics and comparison between the early and late awake prone positioning group
| Variables | Overall (n = 125) |
Early awake prone (n = 92) |
Late awake prone (n = 33) |
P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD) | 62.0 ± 11.9 | 61.1 ± 12.3 | 64.9 ± 10.4 | 0.113 |
| Male, n (%) | 79 (63.2) | 56 (61) | 23 (67) | 0.367 |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean (SD) | 30 ± 5.0 | 30.23 ± 4.96 | 29.47 ± 5.14 | 0.411 |
| Ethnicity, n (%) | ||||
| Hispanic/Latino | 70 (56) | 59 (64.1) | 11 (33.3) | 0.002 |
| Caucasian | 37 (29.6) | 22 (23.9) | 15 (45.5) | 0.027 |
| African American | 7 (5.6) | 5 (5.4) | 2 (6.1) | 0.59 |
| Asian | 4 (3.2) | 2 (2.2) | 2 (6.1) | 0.28 |
| Unknown | 3 (2.4) | 1(1.1) | 2 (6.1) | 0.17 |
| Others | 4 (3.2) | 3 (3.3) | 1 (3) | 0.60 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | ||||
| Diabetes Mellitus | 54 (43.2) | 17 (51.5) | 37 (40.2) | 0.261 |
| Chronic Lung Disease | 17 (13.6) | 10 (11) | 7 (21) | 0.119 |
| Cardiovascular Disease | 29 (23.2) | 18 (19.6) | 11 (33.3) | 0.108 |
| Chronic Renal Disease | 11 (8.8) | 10 (10.9) | 1 (3) | 0.157 |
| Chronic Liver Disease | 1 (0.8) | 1 (1.1) | 0 | 0.736 |
| Immunocompromised Condition | 16 (12.8) | 11 (12) | 5 (15) | 0.637 |
| Neurologic disease | 5 (4) | 4 (4.3) | 1 (3) | 0.603 |
| Others | 25 (20) | 23 (25) | 2 (6.1) | 0.020 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | 0.12 | |||
| Current Smoker | 4 (3.2) | 4 (4.3) | 0 | |
| Former Smoker | 38 (30.4) | 23 (25) | 15 (45.5) | |
| Never | 73 (58.4) | 57 (62) | 16 (48.5) | |
| Not available | 10 (8) | 8 (8.7) | 2 (6) | |
| SOFA score on admission, median (IQR) | 3 (2–4.5) | 3 (2–4.75) | 3 (3–4.5) | 0.70 |
| Assigned to APP group, n (%) | 101 (80.8) | 88 (96) | 13 (39) | |
| SpO2/FiO2 ratio on enrollment, median (IQR) | 143.8 (117.5–174.4) | 135 (116.2–166.5) | 155 (131.6–188.5) | 0.052 |
| Time from hospital admission to APP start (h), median (IQR) | 27.48 (13.1–64.2) | 18 (7.1–43.2) | 60 (34.9–105) | <0.001 |
| Time from HFNC start to APP (h), median (IQR) | 8.58 (1.31–24.87) | 2.25 (0.8–12.82) | 36.35 (30.2–75.23) | <0.001 |
| Total APP hours in the first three days, median (IQR) | 13.08 (3.5–43.25) | 16 (5.4–51.5) | 5 (2.5–17.5) | 0.004 |
| APP hours/day, median (IQR) | 4.45 (1.75–8.37) | 5.07 (2–9.05) | 3 (1.09–5.64) | 0.006 |
| HFNC duration (d), median (IQR) | 6 (2.97–9.46) | 5 (2.2–9) | 6 (3.2–10.5) | 0.18 |
| Antiviral therapy, n (%) | 84 (67.2) | 65 (70.7) | 19 (57.6) | 0.12 |
| Steroids use, n (%) | 93 (74.4) | 64 (69.6) | 29 (87.9) | 0.039 |
| Time from HFNC start to steroid start (h), median (IQR) | − 12.48 (− 25.3 to 4.58) | − 14.47 (− 33 to 0) | − 8.57 (− 20.8 to 7. 93) | 0.19 |
| Steroids type, n (%) | ||||
| Dexamethasone | 82 (65.6) | 56 (60.9) | 26 (78.8) | 0.063 |
| Hydrocortisone | 18 (14.4) | 13 (14.1) | 5 (15.1) | 0.54 |
| Methylprednisone/Prednisone | 15 (12) | 10 (10.9) | 5 (15.1) | 0.35 |
SD standard deviation, BMI body mass index, SOFA sequential organ failure assessment, IQR interquartile range, SpO2 saturation of pulse oximetry, FiO2 fraction of inspired oxygen, HFNC High-Flow Nasal Cannula, APP Awake Prone Positioning