Table 3.
PV neuron alterations in other brain regions of stressed animals.
| Species | Age during manipulation | Age at measurement | Sex | Experimental paradigm | Brain Region | Method | Measure | Outcome | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mouse (C57/BL6) | Adolescent | Adolescent | ♂ | RS 6h/day 3 weeks | Basolateral Amygdala | IHC | Total PV cell number; PV cellular intensity | no change | [27] Clarke et al. (2019) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Early postnatal | Adolescent | ♂ | MS 3h/day or early handling 15 min/day from P2–P14 | Basolateral Amygdala Basal Nucleus | IHC | PV cell density | no change | [51] Giachino et al. (2007) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Early postnatal | Adolescent | ♂ | MS 3h/day or early handling 15 min/day from P2–P14 | Basolateral Amygdala Lateral Nucleus | IHC | PV cell density | increased by early handling and MS | [51] Giachino et al. (2007) |
| Mouse (C57/BL6) | Early postnatal | Early postnatal; juvenile; adolescent; adult | ♂♀ | LB/LN 7 days | Basolateral Amygdala | IHC | PV cell density | increased in juveniles | [118] Nieves et al. (2020) |
| Rat (Long-Evans) | Early postnatal | Early postnatal | ♂♀ | LB/LN P8–P12 | Anterior/Mid Basolateral Amygdala | IHC | PV cell density; PV stain intensity | no change | [150] Santiago et al. (2018) |
| Rat (Long-Evans) | Early postnatal | Early postnatal | ♂♀ | LB/LN P8–P12 | Posterior Basolateral Amygdala | IHC | PV cell density; PV stain intensity | no change | [150] Santiago et al. (2018) |
| Rat (Long-Evans) | Early postnatal | Juvenile | ♂♀ | LB/LN P8–P12 | Anterior/Mid Basolateral Amygdala | IHC | PV cell density; PV stain intensity | no change | [150] Santiago et al. (2018) |
| Rat (Long-Evans) | Early postnatal | Juvenile | ♂♀ | LB/LN P8–P12 | Posterior Basolateral Amygdala | IHC | PV cell density; PV stain intensity | no change | [150] Santiago et al. (2018) |
| Mouse (C57/BL6) | Adolescent-adult | Adult | ♂ | CSIS 7 weeks. After stress, mice housed individually for 1 year | Basolateral Amygdala | IHC | PV cell density | no change | [179] Wang et al. (2019) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Early postnatal | Juvenile | ♂♀ | MS 4h/day 19 days | Basolateral Amygdala | IHC | 8-oxo-dG + fraction of PV cells; PV + cell 8-oxo-dG intensity; PV cell number; PV intensity | increased PV intensity; 8-oxo-dG + fraction increased in females vs males | [159] Soares et al. (2020) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | RS: 6h/day for 10 days | Basolateral Amygdala | IHC and WFA stain | Total PV cell number; Total PV+/PNN + cell number | increased PV cell number | [138] Pesarico et al., 2019 |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Early postnatal | Juvenile | ♂♀ | MS 4h/day from P2–P20 | Basolateral Amygdala | IHC and WFA stain | PV+/PNN + cell density; PV cell density; PV + PNN intensity; PNN + PV intensity; PV intensity | no change | [52] Gildawie et al. (2019) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Early postnatal | Adolescent | ♂♀ | MS 4h/day from P2–P20 | Basolateral Amygdala | IHC and WFA stain | PV+/PNN + cell density; PV cell density; PV + PNN intensity; PNN + PV intensity; PV intensity | increased PV cell density in males | [52] Gildawie et al. (2019) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Early postnatal | Adult | ♂♀ | MS 4h/day from P2–P20 | Basolateral Amygdala | IHC and WFA stain | PV+/PNN + cell density; PV cell density; PV + PNN intensity; PNN + PV intensity; PV intensity | no change | [52] Gildawie et al. (2019) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Early postnatal | Juvenile | ♂ | LB/LN 9 days | Left and Right Basolateral Amygdala | IHC; WFA stain | PV cell density; PV+/PNN + cell density; Fos + proportion of PV cells; Fos + proportion of PV+/PNN + cells | increased PV+/PNN + cell density in left and right BLA, increased Fos + proportion of PV cells in right BLA only | [62] Guadagno et al. (2020) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Early postnatal | Juvenile | ♀ | LB/LN 9 days | Left and Right Basolateral Amygdala | IHC; WFA stain | PV cell density; PV+/PNN + cell density; Fos + proportion of PV cells; Fos + proportion of PV+/PNN + cells | no change | [62] Guadagno et al. (2020) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Early postnatal; juvenile | Juvenile | ♂ | LB/LN 9 days; fear conditioning P28-29 | Left and Right Basolateral Amygdala | IHC; WFA stain | Fos + proportion of PV cells; Fos + proportion of PV+/PNN + cells | decreased Fos + proportion of PV cells in right BLA | [62] Guadagno et al. (2020) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Early postnatal; juvenile | Juvenile | ♀ | LB/LN 9 days; fear conditioning P28-29 | Left and Right Basolateral Amygdala | IHC; WFA stain | Fos + proportion of PV cells; Fos + proportion of PV+/PNN + cells | no change | [62] Guadagno et al. (2020) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Adolescent | Adult | ♀ | SI from P21–P42, then 20 days of group housing (isolates together, non-isolates together). On P62, anxiogen FG-7142 injection 2 h before sacrifice to provoke c-Fos expression in the amygdala | Anterior Basolateral Amygdala | IHC | Total PV cell number; total PV+/c-Fos + cell number | decreased PV+/c-Fos + cell number | [97] Lukkes et al. (2012) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Adolescent | Adult | ♀ | SI from P21–P42, then 20 days of group housing (isolates together, non-isolates together). On P62, anxiogen FG-7142 injection 2 h before sacrifice to provoke c-Fos expression in the amygdala | Posterior Basolateral Amygdala | IHC | Total PV cell number; total PV+/c-Fos + cell number | no change | [97] Lukkes et al. (2012) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | RS: 6h/day for 10 days. Acute RS 2h on day 11 then sacrifice | Basolateral Amygdala | IHC | PV cell density; c-Fos + fraction of PV cells | c-Fos + fraction of PV cells increased by acute stress and chronic + acute stress, decreased by chronic restraint alone | [143] Reznikov et al. (2008) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Juvenile | Adolescent | ♀ | 1 week SI | Basolateral Amygdala | IHC; WFA stain | c-Fos + proportion of PV cells; WFA + proportion of PV cells; c-Fos + proportion of WFA + PV cells | decreased WFA + proportion; increased c-Fos + proportion of WFA + PV cells | [174] Vazquez-Sanroman et al. (2021) |
| Erbin KO Mouse (C57/BL6) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | RS 2h/day for 3 days | Basolateral Amygdala | Electrophysiology | ratio of AMPA:NMDA currents in PV cells; eIPSC amplitude in PV neurons; mEPSC amplitude in PV neurons; mEPSC frequency in PV neurons | decreased AMPA:NMDA ratio and mEPSC amplitude | [99] Luo et al. (2020) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Early postnatal; adult | Adult | ♂ | Open field stress under bright light 15 min/day from P0–P20, then on P90 | Basolateral Amygdala | IHC | PV+/c-Fos + cell density | no change | [39] Ebertowska et al. (2020) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Juvenile-Adult | Adult | ♂ | Forced swim, 3 30-min elevated platform sessions, 2 h RS. 32 days rest followed by 4 days of odor exposure preceding 45s underwater restraint trauma. 4 weeks later, odor re-exposure then elevated plus maze before sacrifice | Basolateral Amygdala | IHC | PV+/c-Fos + cell density | increased in affected vs unaffected rats and control | [142] Regev-Tsur et al. (2020) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Juvenile | Juvenile | ♂ | RS and LH 2h/day P22-24 | Basolateral Amygdala | Electrophysiological recordings from pyramidal neurons | Frequency, amplitude, rise time, and decay time of sIPSCs | no change | [75] Jiang et al. (2009) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Juvenile | Juvenile | ♂ | RS and LH 2h/day P22-24 | Basolateral Amygdala | alpha-methyl-5-HT application; electrophysiological recording from pyramidal neurons | sIPSC frequency | decreased | [75] Jiang et al. (2009) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Early postnatal; adolescent | Adolescent | ♀ | MS 4h/day from P2–P20; LH task P41 | Basolateral Amygdala | Western blot | PV protein content | no change | [97] Lukkes et al. (2017) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Early postnatal; adolescent | Adolescent | ♀ | MS 4h/day from P2–P20; LH task P41; allowed to witness another rat in task 1d before they did it. | Basolateral Amygdala | Western blot | PV protein content | decreased | [97] Lukkes et al. (2017) |
| PV-Cre Mouse (C57/BL6) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | RS 2h/day for 3 days | Basolateral Amygdala | FACS-qPCR | PV cell mRNA expression of fgfr2, fgf13, Nrg1, Narp, PSD95, Erbin, Erbb2, Erbb4, GluA1, GluA2 | decreased Erbin expression | [99] Luo et al. (2020) |
| Rat (Long-Evans) | Early postnatal | Juvenile | ♂♀ | LB/LN P8–P12 | Basolateral Amygdala | EM stains for PV and excitatory synapse terminals | Percentage of pyramidal neuron membrane receiving contact from PV terminals; PV terminal number per um of pyramidal cell membrane; average length of PV terminal contacts onto pyramidal cells | decreased (all 3) | [150] Santiago et al. (2018) |
| Rat (Long-Evans) | Early postnatal | Juvenile | ♂♀ | LB/LN P8–P12 | Basolateral Amygdala | EM stains for PV and excitatory synapse terminals | Percentage of PV cell membrane contacted by PV and excitatory terminals; PV and excitatory terminal number/um of PV cell membrane; excitatory terminal length onto PV cells | decreased percentage of membrane contact by PV cells; decreased PV terminal number per um of membrane | [150] Santiago et al. (2018) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Early postnatal; adult | Adult | ♂ | Open field stress under bright light 15 min/day from P0–P20, then on P90 | Lateral Amygdala | IHC | c-Fos+/PV + cell density | decreased | [39] Ebertowska et al. (2020) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Adolescent | Adult | ♀ | SI from P21–P42, then 20 days of group housing (isolates together, non-isolates together). On P62, anxiogen FG-7142 injection 2 h before sacrifice to provoke c-Fos expression in the amygdala | Ventrolateral Lateral Amygdala | IHC | Total PV cell number; total PV+/c-Fos + cell number | no change | [97] Lukkes et al. (2012) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Adolescent | Adult | ♀ | SI from P21–P42, then 20 days of group housing (isolates together, non-isolates together). On P62, anxiogen FG-7142 injection 2 h before sacrifice to provoke c-Fos expression in the amygdala | Ventromedial Lateral Amygdala | IHC | Total PV cell number; total PV+/c-Fos + cell number | no change | [97] Lukkes et al. (2012) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Adolescent | Adult | ♀ | SI from P21–P42, then 20 days of group housing (isolates together, non-isolates together). On P62, anxiogen FG-7142 injection 2 h before sacrifice to provoke c-Fos expression in the amygdala | Dorsolateral Lateral Amygdala | IHC | Total PV cell number; total PV+/c-Fos + cell number | decreased PV+/c-Fos + cell number | [97] Lukkes et al. (2012) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Juvenile-Adult | Adult | ♂ | Forced swim, 3 30-min elevated platform sessions, 2 h RS. 32 days rest followed by 4 days of odor exposure preceding 45s underwater restraint trauma. 4 weeks later, odor re-exposure then elevated plus maze before sacrifice | Central Amygdala | IHC | PV+/c-Fos + cell density | no change | [142] Regev-Tsur et al. (2020) |
| Mouse (C57/BL6) | Adolescent-adult | Adult | ♂ | CSIS 7 weeks. After stress, mice housed individually for 1 year | Central Amygdala | IHC | PV cell density | no change | [179] Wang et al. (2019) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Early postnatal; adult | Adult | ♂ | Open field stress under bright light 15 min/day from P0–P20, then on P90 | Posterolateral Cortical Amygdala | IHC | c-Fos+/PV + cell density | no change | [39] Ebertowska et al. (2020) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Early postnatal; adolescent | Adolescent | ♀ | MS 4h/day from P2–P20; LH tests P40-41 | Amygdala | Western blot | PV protein content | decreased in anhedonic vs non-anhedonic | [98] Lukkes et al. (2018) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Juvenile-adolescent | Adolescent | ♀ | SI 3 weeks | Amygdala | Western blot | PV protein content | decreased in anhedonic vs non-anhedonic | [98] Lukkes et al. (2018) |
| Mouse (C57/BL6) | Early postnatal | Adult | ♂♀ | LB/LN | Orbitofrontal cortex | qPCR | PV mRNA expression | decreased | [59] Goodwill et al. (2018) |
| Mouse (C57/BL6) | Early postnatal | Adult | ♂♀ | LB/LN | Ventral Orbitofrontal cortex | IHC | PV cell density | decreased in females | [59] Goodwill et al. (2018) |
| Mouse (C57/BL6) | Early postnatal | Adult | ♂♀ | LB/LN | Lateral Orbitofrontal cortex | IHC | PV cell density | decreased in females | [59] Goodwill et al. (2018) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Adolescent | Adolescent | ♂ | CMS 4 days | Dorsolateral Orbitofrontal cortex | IHC | PV cell density | no change | [174] Varga et al. (2016) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Adolescent | Adolescent | ♂ | CMS 4 days | Lateral Orbitofrontal cortex | IHC | PV cell density | no change | [174] Varga et al. (2016) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Adolescent | Adolescent | ♂ | CMS 4 days | Medial Orbitofrontal cortex | IHC | PV cell density | no change | [174] Varga et al. (2016) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Adolescent | Adolescent | ♂ | CMS 4 days | Ventral Orbitofrontal cortex | IHC | PV cell density | no change | [174] Varga et al. (2016) |
| Mouse (C57/BL6) | Adolescent | Adolescent | ♂♀ | RS 2h/day for 7 days | Barrel cortex | IHC | PV cell density; c-Fos + fraction of PV cells | decreased c-Fos + fraction of PV cells | [23] Chen et al. (2018) |
| PV-Cre Mouse (C57/BL6) | Adolescent | Adolescent | ♂♀ | RS 2h/day for 7 days | Barrel cortex | Optogenetic stimulation of PV cells; slice electrophysiology recording from pyramidal neurons | oIPSC amplitude | no change | [23] Chen et al. (2018) |
| PV-Cre Mouse (C57/BL6) | Adolescent | Adolescent | ♂♀ | RS 2h/day for 7 days | Barrel cortex | Current injection to and electrophysiological recording from PV cells | Firing frequency | decreased at high (≥300 pA) but not low current injection | [23] Chen et al. (2018) |
| PV-Cre Mouse (C57/BL6) | Adolescent | Adolescent | ♂♀ | Cre-dependent DREADD injection to bilateral barrel cortex; 7 days of CNO injection then RS 2h/day | Barrel cortex | DREADD activation of PV cells; IHC | Dendritic spine formation and elimination | decreased elimination | [23] Chen et al. (2018) |
| Mouse (C57/BL6) | Early postnatal | Adult | ♂♀ | LB/LN from P4–P11 | Primary Somatosensory cortex | qPCR | PV mRNA expression | no change | [59] Goodwill et al. (2018) |
| GAD67(+/GFP) (HET) mouse | – | Juvenile | ♂ | Maternal RS: 45 min 3x/day from E15 to E17.5; BrdU injection IP once at E12 or E15 | Primary Somatosensory cortex - 10 sagittal sections | IHC | PV+/GFP + cell density | decreased in section 4 | [169] Uchida et al. (2014) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | RS 2h/day for 3 weeks | Somatosensory cortex | IHC | PV cell density | decreased | [90] Lee et al. (2015) |
| Mouse (C57/BL6) | Juvenile-adolescent | Adolescent | ♂ | SI 5 weeks | Somatosensory cortex layers 2/3, 4, and 5/6 | IHC and WFA stain | PV cell density; PNN + fraction of PV cells; PV fluorescence intensity; PV soma area | no change | [170] Ueno et al. (2017) |
| Mouse (C57/BL6) | Juvenile-adolescent | Adolescent | ♂ | SI 5 weeks | Motor cortex layers 2/3 and 5/6 | IHC and WFA stain | PV cell density; PNN + fraction of PV cells; PV fluorescence intensity; PV soma area | no change | [170] Ueno et al. (2017) |
| Mouse (C57/BL6) | Juvenile; adult | Adolescent; adult | ♂ | CUS 7 days | Primary Motor cortex | IHC and WFA stain | PV cell density; PNN + fraction of PV cells; PV + fraction of PNNs; PV fluorescence; PV soma area | no change | [171] Ueno et al. (2018) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Adolescent | Adolescent | ♂ | CMS 4 days | Primary Motor cortex | IHC | PV cell density | no change | [174] Varga et al. (2016) |
| Mouse (C57/BL6) | Adult | Adult | ♂♀ | 3 weeks UCMS | Nucleus Accumbens Shell | Patch clamp | 100 pA current injection-induced PV cell firing frequency; resting PV cell membrane potential; PV cell action potential threshold | increased firing frequency | [184] Xiao et al. (2020) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | RS: 6h/day for 10 days | Thalamic Reticular Nucleus | IHC | PV stain intensity | increased | [139] Pesarico et al., 2019 |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | RS 6h/day for 10 days | Habenula | IHC | PV stain intensity | increased | [139] Pesarico et al., 2019 |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Early postnatal; adolescent | Adolescent | ♀ | MS 4h/day from P2–P20; LH task P41 | Dorsal Raphe Nucleus | Western blot | PV protein content | decreased | [97] Lukkes et al. (2017) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Early postnatal; adolescent | Adolescent | ♀ | MS 4h/day from P2–P20; LH task P41; allowed to witness another rat in task 1 day before they did it. | Dorsal Raphe Nucleus | Western blot | PV protein content | no change | [97] Lukkes et al. (2017) |
| Mouse (C57/BL6) | Juvenile-adult | Adolescent | ♂ | SI 5 weeks | Visual cortex layers 2/3, 4 and 5/6 | IHC and WFA stain | PV cell density; PNN + fraction of PV cells; PV fluorescence intensity; PV soma area | decreased PNN + fraction of PV cells in layer 2/3 | [170] Ueno et al. (2017) |
| Mouse (C57/BL6) | Juvenile-adult | Adolescent | ♂ | SI 5 weeks | Perirhinal cortex | IHC and WFA stain | PV cell density; PNN + fraction of PV cells; PV fluorescence intensity; PV soma area | decreased PV fluorescence intensity | [170] Ueno et al. (2017) |
| Mouse (C57/BL6) | Juvenile-adult | Adolescent | ♂ | SI 5 weeks | Dorsintermed Entorhinal cortex | IHC and WFA stain | PV cell density; PNN + fraction of PV cells; PV fluorescence intensity; PV soma area | no change | [170] Ueno et al. (2017) |
| Mouse (C57/BL6) | Juvenile-adult | Adolescent | ♂ | SI 5 weeks | Dorsolateral Entorhinal cortex | IHC and WFA stain | PV cell density; PNN + fraction of PV cells; PV fluorescence intensity; PV soma area | decreased PV fluorescence intensity | [170] Ueno et al. (2017) |
Studies of particular significance are bolded. Mouse and rat life stages were defined as the following: early postnatal: P0-19 (postnatal day 0–19, where day of birth is P0; juvenile: P20-30; adolescent: P31-60; and adult: P61+. Abbreviations: CMS: chronic mild stress; CNO: clozapine N-oxide; CSD: chronic social defeat; CSIS: chronic social instability stress; CUS: chronic unpredictable stress; EM: electron microscopy; FACS: flow-associated cell sorting; HET: heterozygous; IHC: immunohistochemistry; IP: intraperitoneal; KO: knockout; LB/LN: limited bedding/limited nesting; LH: learned helplessness; LHb: lateral habenula; MS: maternal separation; qPCR: quantitative polymerase chain reaction; RS: restraint stress; SI: social isolation; VTA: ventral tegmental area; WFA: Wisteria floribunda agglutinin.