Table 4.
Animal PV neuron alterations under enrichment paradigms.
| Species | Age during manipulation | Age at measurement | Sex | Experimental paradigm | Brain region | Method | Measure | Outcome | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Early postnatal; adolescent | Adolescent | ♂ | MS 4h/day; 500uM TAT2A microinjection into PFC every other day from P31–P39 | Prelimbic cortex | IHC | PV cell density | rescued MS-induced decrease | [49] Ganguly et al. (2015) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Early postnatal | Juvenile; adult | ♂ | Oral FLX 10 mg/kg/d from P2–P21 | Prelimbic cortex | IHC; WFA stain | PV cell density | no change | [113] Mukhopadhyay et al. (2021) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | EE 2 months | Prelimbic cortex | IHC | Total PV cell number | increased | [149] Sampedro-Piquero et al. (2016) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | FLX 10 mg/kg twice daily IP for 15 days, then brains collected on day 35 | Prelimbic cortex | IHC | PV cell density | decreased | [160] Song et al. (2019) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | SI 21 days; FLX 15 mg/kg/day, CLZ 20 mg/kg/day, or vehicle IP during stress. | Prelimbic cortex | IHC | Total PV cell number | decreased by SI in vehicle but not CLZ or FLX treatment | [167] Todorovic et al. (2018) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Adolescent | Adolescent | ♂ | R- or S-ketamine 10 mg/kg IP; sacrifice 30 min later | Prelimbic cortex | IHC | PV cell density | Decreased by S-ketamine | [186] Yang et al. (2015) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Early postnatal; adolescent | Adolescent | ♂ | MS 4h/day P2–P20; IL-10 intraventricular infusion from P30–P38. Sacrifice on P40 | Prelimbic cortex | IHC | PV cell density; fraction of PV cells co-expressing NR2A | density decreased by MS, rescued by IL-10; fraction increased by MS, rescued by IL-10 | [182] Wieck et al. (2013) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Juvenile-adolescent | Adolescent | ♂♀ | EE P21–P36 | Prelimbic cortex | Western blot | PV protein content | no change | [35] do Prado et al. (2015) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Early postnatal-adolescent | Adolescent | ♂♀ | MS 4h/day from P2–P20; EE P21–P36 | Prelimbic cortex | Western blot | PV protein content | decreased in males | [35] do Prado et al. (2015) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Early postnatal; adolescent | Adolescent | ♂ | MS 4h/day; 500uM TAT2A microinjection into PFC every other day from P31–P39 | Infralimbic cortex | IHC | PV cell density | rescued MS-induced decrease | [49] Ganguly et al. (2015) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Early postnatal | Juvenile; adult | ♂ | Oral FLX 10 mg/kg/d from P2–P21 | Infralimbic cortex | IHC; WFA stain | PV cell density | no change | [113] Mukhopadhyay et al. (2021) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | EE 2 months | Infralimbic cortex | IHC | Total PV cell number | no change | [149] Sampedro-Piquero et al. (2016) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | FLX 10 mg/kg twice daily IP for 15 days, then brains collected on day 35 | Infralimbic cortex | IHC | PV cell density | decreased | [160] Song et al. (2019) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | SI 21 days; FLX 15 mg/kg/day, CLZ 20 mg/kg/day, or vehicle IP during stress. | Infralimbic cortex | IHC | Total PV cell number | decreased by SI in vehicle but not CLZ or FLX treatment | [167] Todorovic et al. (2018) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Adolescent | Adolescent | ♂ | R- or S-ketamine 10 mg/kg IP; sacrifice 30 min later | Infralimbic cortex | IHC | PV cell density | no change | [186] Yang et al. (2015) |
| Mouse (C57/BL6) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | 10 mg/kg/d oral FLX 30 days | Infralimbic cortex | IHC; WFA stain | PV + fraction of PNN + cells | no change | [77] Karpova et al. (2011) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Juvenile-adolescent | Adolescent | ♂♀ | EE P21–P36 | Infralimbic cortex | Western blot | PV protein content | no change | [35] do Prado et al. (2015) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Early postnatal-adolescent | Adolescent | ♂♀ | MS 4h/day from P2–P20; EE P21–P36 | Infralimbic cortex | Western blot | PV protein content | decreased in males | [35] do Prado et al. (2015) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Early postnatal | Juvenile; adult | ♂ | Oral FLX 10 mg/kg/d from P2–P21 | Cingulate cortex | IHC; WFA stain | PV cell density | no change | [113] Mukhopadhyay et al. (2021) |
| Mouse (C57/BL6) | Adolescent-adult | Adult | ♂ | Dried bonito broth (10%) intake 53 days | Medial Prefrontal cortex | IHC | PV cell density | increased | [74] Jargalsaikhan et al. (2017) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | SI 21 days; FLX 15 mg/kg/day, CLZ 20 mg/kg/day, or vehicle IP during stress. | Medial Prefrontal cortex | IHC | Total PV cell number | decreased by SI in vehicle but not CLZ or FLX treatment | [167] Todorovic et al. (2018) |
| Mouse (C57/BL6) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | FLX 15 mg/kg/day IP for 3 weeks | Medial Frontal cortex | IHC and WFA stain | PV cell density; PV+/PNN + cell density; PNN + fraction of PV cells | decreased (all) | [125] Ohira et al. (2013) |
| Mouse (GAD-GFP) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | IP injection of 20 mg/kg FLX daily for 2 weeks | Medial Prefrontal cortex | IHC; WFA stain | Total PV cell number; total PV+/PNN + cell number; PV + fraction of PNN + cells; perisomatic PV, synaptophysin, and PV+/synaptophysin + puncta densities on pyramidal cells | decreased PV+/PNN + cell number; decreased perisomatic PV+/synaptophysin + puncta | [63] Guirado et al., 2014 |
| Rat (Wistar) | Juvenile-adult | Adult | ♂♀ | SI 7 weeks with 5 mg/kg/day oral apocynin | Prefrontal cortex | IHC | PV immunoreactivity | decreased by SI alone, no change in apocynin alone or SI + apocynin | [151] Schiavone et al. (2009) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | Ketamine 10 mg/kg IP; brains harvested 0.5 and 2h after | Prefrontal cortex | IHC | PV fluorescence intensity | decreased 0.5h but not 2h after ketamine treatment | [190] Zhou et al. (2014) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | Apocynin 5 mg/kg/day oral for 7 days; ketamine 10 mg/kg IP on day 8; brains harvested 0.5 and 2h after ketamine | Prefrontal cortex | IHC | PV fluorescence intensity | decreased by ketamine alone but not apocynin + ketamine | [190] Zhou et al. (2014) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Early postnatal; adolescent | Adolescent | ♀ | MS 4h/day; treatment with COX-2 inhibitor NS-398 (8 mg/kg) every other day IP from P30–P38; LH task P41 | Prefrontal cortex | Western blot | PV protein content | increased | [97] Lukkes et al. (2017) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Early postnatal; adolescent | Adolescent | ♀ | MS 4h/day; treatment with COX-2 inhibitor NS-398 (8 mg/kg) every other day IP from P30–P38; LH P41; allowed to witness another rat in task 1 day before they did it. | Prefrontal cortex | Western blot | PV protein content | no change | [97] Lukkes et al. (2017) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Juvenile-adult | Adult | ♂♀ | SI 7 weeks with 5 mg/kg/day oral apocynin | Prefrontal cortex | Western blot | PV protein content | decreased by SI alone, no change in apocynin alone or SI + apocynin | [151] Schiavone et al. (2009) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | IFS 15 min on day 0, then EE 2h/day for 30 days. Brains collected on day 46 | Prefrontal cortex | Western blot | PV protein content | IFS reduced PV protein, EE + IFS rescued normal amount. No change for EE alone | [164] Sun et al. (2016) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | Neuregulin-1 infusion to lateral ventricles same time as ketamine 10 mg/kg IP | Prefrontal cortex | Western blot | PV protein content | decreased by ketamine but not ketamine + neuregulin-1 | [179] Wang et al. (2014) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | Ketamine 10 mg/kg IP; brains harvested 0.5 and 2h after | Prefrontal cortex | Western blot | PV protein content | decreased 0.5h but not 2h after ketamine treatment | [190] Zhou et al. (2014) |
| Mouse (C57/BL6) | Adult | Adult | ♂♀ | 10 mg/kg ketamine IP; 1 week rest | Prefrontal Cortex | qPCR | PV mRNA expression | decreased in males | [127] Okine et al. (2020) |
| Mouse (C57/BL6) | Adult | Adult | ♂♀ | 10 mg/kg ketamine IP; 1 week rest; 4 weeks UCMS | Prefrontal Cortex | qPCR | PV mRNA expression | decreased in males | [127] Okine et al. (2020) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | Lurasidone 3 mg/kg/day oral for 5 weeks | Prefrontal cortex | qPCR | PV mRNA expression | no change | [145] Rossetti et al. (2018) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | CMS 7 weeks + lurasidone 3 mg/kg/day oral during last 5 weeks of CMS | Prefrontal cortex | qPCR | PV mRNA expression | no change | [145] Rossetti et al. (2018) |
| Mouse (C57/BL6) | Adolescent | Adolescent | ♂♀ | 10uM ketamine bath application | Frontal Association cortex | Electrophysiology | PV cell firing frequency 10, 30, and 50 min after ketamine infusion | increased after ketamine at injected currents of 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 pA | [120] Ng et al. (2018) |
| PV-Cre; Ai9-tdTomato Mice (C57/BL6); AAV injection of Cre-GCaMP6f | Adolescent | Adolescent | ♂♀ | 8 h RS; 10 mg/kg IP ketamine at 4 and 8 h marks | Frontal Association cortex layers 2/3 | GCaMP6f signal recording | PV cell intracellular calcium (average ΔF/Fo) | increased by RS + ketamine vs RS + saline | [120] Ng et al. (2018) |
| Mouse (C57/BL6) | Adolescent | Adolescent | ♂♀ | 10 mg/kg IP ketamine or saline, followed by 6h RS for 1, 2, 5, or 7 days | Frontal Association cortex layers 2/3 | In vivo PV axonal bouton imaging | PV bouton elimination, formation, and net change in PV bouton number | increased elimination at day 7 RS vs no RS; decreased formation at day 5 and day 7 RS vs RS + ketamine; decreased net change in PV bouton number at day 5 and 7 RS compared to no RS group. | [120] Ng et al. (2018) |
| PV-Cre; Ai9-tdTomato Mice (C57/BL6) | Adolescent | Adolescent | ♂♀ | CNO and ketamine 10 mg/kg injection into PV-hM3D or PV hM4D rats, followed by 6h RS, for 2 days | Frontal Association cortex layers 2/3 | DREADD activation/inhibition of PV cells; Microscopy | PV cell dendritic spine elimination rate | increased by PV cell inhibition | [120] Ng et al. (2018) |
| PV-Cre; Ai9-tdTomato Mice (C57/BL6) | Adolescent | Adolescent | ♂♀ | CNO and ketamine 10 mg/kg injection into PV-hM3D or PV hM4D rats, followed by 6h RS, for 2 days | Frontal Association cortex layers 2/3 | DREADD activation/inhibition of PV cells; Microscopy | PV cell dendritic mushroom, stubby, and thin spine elimination rate | increased mushroom spine elimination in PV-inhibited mice | [120] Ng et al. (2018) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | EE 2 months | Cingulate cortex | IHC | Total PV cell number | increased | [149] Sampedro-Piquero et al. (2016) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | SI 21 days; FLX 15 mg/kg/day, CLZ 20 mg/kg/day, or vehicle IP during stress. | Cingulate cortex | IHC | Total PV cell number | decreased by SI, SI + FLX, and SI + CLZ | [167] Todorovic et al. (2018) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | SI 21 days; FLX 15 mg/kg/day, CLZ 20 mg/kg/day, or vehicle IP during stress. | Dorsal Peduncular cortex | IHC | Total PV cell number | decreased by SI in vehicle but not CLZ or FLX txt; increased by CLZ alone vs CLZ + SI | [167] Todorovic et al. (2018) |
| Wnt3a-Cre Mice (C57/BL6 ∗ NZB) | Not stated | Adolescent | ♂♀ | EE: running wheel and Enviro-Dri bedding added (timeline not stated) | Dentate Gyrus | IHC | PV cell density | no change | [4] Anstotz et al. (2018) |
| Tree Shrew (Tupaia Belangeri) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | 5 weeks' daily psychosocial conflict; FLX (15 mg/kg/day) or SLV-323 (20 mg/kg/day) oral treatment daily for latter 4 weeks | Dentate Gyrus | IHC | Total PV cell number | Decreased by stress; rescued by FLX and by SLV-323 | [31] Czeh et al. (2005) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Adolescent-adult | Adult | ♂ | FLX 15 mg/kg/day or CLZ 20 mg/kg/day with SI for 3 weeks | Dentate Gyrus | IHC | Total PV cell number | decreased by FLX + SI compared to SI | [44] Filipović et al. (2017) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Juvenile-adolescent | Adult | ♂ | Physical exercise 40 days | Dentate Gyrus | IHC | Total PV cell number | no change | [58] Gomes da Silva et al., 2010 |
| Rat (Wistar) | Adolescent-adult | Adult | ♂ | CUS 3 weeks. Anhedonic subgroup given escitalopram (5 mg/kg/day) or vehicle IP for 5 weeks | Dentate gyrus hilus and granule cell layer | IHC | PV cell density | no change | [69] Holm et al. (2011) |
| Rat (Long-Evans) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | Physical exercise 30 min/day for 5 weeks | Dentate Gyrus | IHC | Total PV cell number | no change | [121] Nguyen et al. (2013) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | SI 6 weeks with anhedonic rats given tianeptine 10 mg/kg/day IP for last 3 weeks | Dentate Gyrus | IHC | Total PV cell number | increased by tianeptine + SI vs SI alone | [136] Peric et al. (2018) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | EE 2 months | Dentate Gyrus | IHC | Total PV cell number | no change | [149] Sampedro-Piquero et al. (2016) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Juvenile | Adult | ♂ | EE 40 days | Dentate Gyrus | IHC | PV cell density | no change | [154] Serra et al. (2020) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Juvenile | Adult | ♂ | Exercise 40 days | Dentate Gyrus | IHC | PV cell density | increased | [154] Serra et al. (2020) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Adolescent | Adolescent | ♂ | R- or S-ketamine 10 mg/kg IP; sacrifice 30 min later | Dentate Gyrus | IHC | PV cell density | decreased by S-ketamine | [186] Yang et al. (2015) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Early postnatal | Juvenile; adult | ♂ | Oral FLX 10 mg/kg/d from P2–P21 | Dentate Gyrus | IHC; WFA stain | Total PV cell number; PNN + fraction of PV cells | no change | [113] Mukhopadhyay et al. (2021) |
| Mouse (C57/BL6) | Prenatal, early postnatal | Early postnatal; juvenile | ♂♀ | Mothers given oral FLX 11.3 mg/kg/d from GD7-P7 | Dentate Gyrus | IHC; WHA stain | Total PV cell number; PV+/PNN + cell number; PV intensity in PV+/PNN + cells | no change | [172] Umemori et al. (2015) |
| PV-TRAP Mouse (C57/BL6) | Adult | Adult | ♂♀ | 18 days oral FLX 0.167 mg/ml in 1% saccharine drinking water | Dentate Gyrus | Electrophysiology | 5HT-induced change in PV cell membrane potential | decreased (hyperpolarized) | [146] Sagi et al. (2020) |
| PV-TRAP Mouse (C57/BL6) | Adult | Adult | ♂♀ | 18 days oral FLX 0.167 mg/ml in 1% saccharine drinking water; 5HT5A receptor antagonist administered | Dentate Gyrus | Electrophysiology | 5HT-induced change in PV cell membrane potential | no change | [146] Sagi et al. (2020) |
| PV-Cre Mouse (C57/BL6) | Adult | Adult | ♂♀ | 18 days oral FLX 0.167 mg/ml in 1% saccharine drinking water; PV cell-specific 5HT5A receptor KO | Dentate Gyrus | Electrophysiology | 5HT-induced change in PV cell membrane potential | no change | [146] Sagi et al. (2020) |
| PV-TRAP Mouse (C57/BL6) | Adult | Adult | ♂♀ | 18 days oral FLX 0.167 mg/ml in 1% saccharine drinking water | Dentate Gyrus | Electrophysiology | 5HT-induced PV cell firing frequency | decreased | [146] Sagi et al. (2020) |
| PV-Cre Mouse (C57/BL6) | Adult | Adult | ♂♀ | 18 days oral FLX 0.167 mg/ml in 1% saccharine drinking water; PV cell-specific 5HT5A receptor KO | Dentate Gyrus | Electrophysiology | 5HT-induced PV cell firing frequency | no change | [146] Sagi et al. (2020) |
| PV-TRAP Mouse (C57/BL6) | Adult | Adult | ♂♀ | 18 days oral FLX 0.167 mg/ml in 1% saccharine drinking water | Dentate Gyrus | Electrophysiology | 5HT-induced PV cell Kv channel potassium current amplitude | decreased | [146] Sagi et al. (2020) |
| PV-Cre Mouse (C57/BL6) | Adult | Adult | ♂♀ | 18 days oral FLX 0.167 mg/ml in 1% saccharine drinking water; PV cell-specific 5HT5A receptor KO | Dentate Gyrus | Electrophysiology | 5HT-induced PV cell Kv channel potassium current amplitude | no change | [146] Sagi et al. (2020) |
| PV-TRAP Mouse (C57/BL6) | Adult | Adult | ♂♀ | 18 days oral FLX 0.167 mg/ml in 1% saccharine drinking water | Dentate Gyrus | Electrophysiology | Change in PV cell Kv channel potassium maximum current amplitude after 200 nM PMA or 200 nM PMA+30uM 5HT bath | decreased in FLX-treated but not vehicle-treated mice | [146] Sagi et al. (2020) |
| Tree Shrew (Tupaia Belangeri) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | 5 weeks' daily psychosocial conflict; FLX (15 mg/kg/day) or SLV-323 (20 mg/kg/day) oral treatment daily for latter 4 weeks | CA1 | IHC | Total PV cell number | no change | [31] Czeh et al. (2005) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Adolescent-adult | Adult | ♂ | FLX 15 mg/kg/day or CLZ 20 mg/kg/day with SI for 3 weeks | CA1 | IHC | Total PV cell number | increased by FLX vs vehicle; decreased by FLX + SI, CLZ, and CLZ + SI vs vehicle; decreased by FLX + SI vs FLX | [44] Filipović et al. (2017) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Juvenile-adolescent | Adult | ♂ | Physical exercise 40 days | CA1 | IHC | Total PV cell number | increased | [58] Gomes da Silva et al., 2010 |
| Rat (Long-Evans) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | Physical exercise 30 min/day for 5 weeks | CA1 | IHC | Total PV cell number | increased | [121] Nguyen et al. (2013) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | SI 6 weeks with anhedonic rats given tianeptine 10 mg/kg/day IP for last 3 weeks | CA1 | IHC | Total PV cell number | increased by tianeptine and tianeptine + SI vs their vehicle controls | [136] Peric et al. (2018) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | EE 2 months | CA1 | IHC | Total PV cell number | no change | [149] Sampedro-Piquero et al. (2016) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Juvenile | Adult | ♂ | EE 40 days | CA1 | IHC | PV cell density | no change | [154] Serra et al. (2020) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Juvenile | Adult | ♂ | Exercise 40 days | CA1 | IHC | PV cell density | no change | [154] Serra et al. (2020) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Adolescent | Adolescent | ♂ | R- or S-ketamine 10 mg/kg IP; sacrifice 30 min later | CA1 | IHC | PV cell density | no change | [186] Yang et al. (2015) |
| Mouse (GAD-GFP) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | IP injection of 20 mg/kg FLX daily for 2 weeks | CA1 | IHC; WFA stain | Total PV cell number; total PV+/PNN + cell number; PV + fraction of PNN + cells | decreased (all) | [63] Guirado et al., 2014 |
| Mouse (C57/BL6) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | 10 mg/kg/d oral FLX 30 days | CA1 | IHC; WFA stain | PV + fraction of PNN + cells | decreased | [77] Karpova et al. 2011 |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Early postnatal | Juvenile; adult | ♂ | Oral FLX 10 mg/kg/d from P2–P21 | CA1 | IHC; WFA stain | PNN + fraction of PV cells; total PV cell number | decreased fraction in juveniles | [113] Mukhopadhyay et al. (2021) |
| Mouse (C57/BL6) | Prenatal, early postnatal | Early postnatal; juvenile | ♂♀ | Mothers given oral FLX 11.3 mg/kg/d from GD7-P7 | CA1 | IHC; WHA stain | Total PV cell number; PV+/PNN + cell number; PV intensity in PV+/PNN + cells | no change | [172] Umemori et al. (2015) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Juvenile-adult | Adult | ♂ | 8 weeks SI starting at P21, followed by 3 weeks re-isolation or pair housing and oral FLX 6 mg/kg/d or vehicle | CA1 | IHC | PV+/PNN + cell number | decreased by FLX overall (net effect of re-isolates and pair housing groups combined) | [109] Mikics et al. (2018) |
| Mouse (C57/BL6) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | Isoflurane anaesthesia 30 min | CA1 | IHC | FosB intensity in PV + cells | increased | [5] Antila et al. (2017) |
| Tree Shrew (Tupaia Belangeri) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | 5 weeks' daily psychosocial conflict; FLX (15 mg/kg/day) or SLV-323 (20 mg/kg/day) oral treatment daily for latter 4 weeks | CA2 | IHC | Total PV cell number | Decreased by stress; rescued by SLV-323 | [31] Czeh et al. (2005) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Adolescent-adult | Adult | ♂ | FLX 15 mg/kg/day or CLZ 20 mg/kg/day with SI for 3 weeks | CA2 | IHC | Total PV cell number | increased by FLX + SI and CLZ + SI vs SI alone | [44] Filipović et al. (2017) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | SI 6 weeks with anhedonic rats given tianeptine 10 mg/kg/day IP for last 3 weeks | CA2 | IHC | Total PV cell number | increased by tianeptine and tianeptine + SI vs their vehicle controls | [136] Peric et al. (2018) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Juvenile-adolescent | Adult | ♂ | Physical exercise 40 days | CA2/3 | IHC | Total PV cell number | increased | [58] Gomes da Silva et al., 2010 |
| Rat (Long-Evans) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | Physical exercise 30 min/day for 5 weeks | CA2/3 | IHC | Total PV cell number | increased | [121] Nguyen et al. (2013) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Juvenile | Adult | ♂ | EE 40 days | CA2/3 | IHC | PV cell density | no change | [154] Serra et al. (2020) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Juvenile | Adult | ♂ | Exercise 40 days | CA2/3 | IHC | PV cell density | increased | [154] Serra et al. (2020) |
| Tree Shrew (Tupaia Belangeri) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | 5 weeks' daily psychosocial conflict; FLX (15 mg/kg/day) or SLV-323 (20 mg/kg/day) oral treatment daily for latter 4 weeks | CA3 | IHC | Total PV cell number | Decreased by stress; rescued by SLV-323 | [31] Czeh et al. (2005) |
| PV-Cre mice | Adult | Adult | ♂ | EE | Dorsal CA3b | IHC | Total PV cell number | no change | [36] Donato et al. (2013) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Adolescent-adult | Adult | ♂ | FLX 15 mg/kg/day or CLZ 20 mg/kg/day with SI for 3 weeks | CA3 | IHC | Total PV cell number | increased by FLX + SI and CLZ + SI vs SI alone | [44] Filipović et al. (2017) |
| Mouse (C57/BL6) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | FLX 10 mg/kg/day SC for 21 days starting at P90 | CA3 | IHC | Total PV cell number | no change | [56] Godavarthi et al. (2014) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | SI 6 weeks with anhedonic rats given tianeptine 10 mg/kg/day IP for last 3 weeks | CA3 | IHC | Total PV cell number | increased by tianeptine and tianeptine + SI vs their vehicle controls | [136] Peric et al. (2018) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | EE 2 months | CA3 | IHC | Total PV cell number | no change | [149] Sampedro-Piquero et al. (2016) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Adolescent | Adolescent | ♂ | R- or S-ketamine 10 mg/kg IP; sacrifice 30 min later | CA3 | IHC | PV cell density | no change | [186] Yang et al. (2015) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Early postnatal | Juvenile; adult | ♂ | Oral FLX 10 mg/kg/d from P2–P21 | CA3 | IHC; WFA stain | Total PV cell number; PNN + fraction of PV cells | decreased fraction in juveniles | [113] Mukhopadhyay et al. (2021) |
| Mouse (C57/BL6) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | FLX 15 mg/kg/day IP for 3 weeks | CA3 | IHC; WFA stain | PV cell density; PV+/PNN + cell density; PNN + fraction of PV cells | decreased PV cell density and PV+/PNN + cell density | [125] Ohira et al. (2013) |
| PV-Cre mice | Adult | Adult | ♂ | EE | Dorsal CA3b | IHC | fraction of PV cells expressing low amounts of PV | increased in basket cells and PV cells overall (not chandelier cells) | [36] Donato et al. (2013) |
| PV-Cre mice | Adult | Adult | ♂ | EE | Dorsal CA3b | IHC | Inhibitory puncta densities onto PV dendrites | increased | [36] Donato et al. (2013) |
| PV-Cre mice | Adult | Adult | ♂ | EE | Dorsal CA3b | Chemogenetic activation of PV cells; IHC | fraction of PV cells expressing high amounts of PV | increased | [36] Donato et al. (2013) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Juvenile | Adult | ♂ | EE 40 days | Subiculum | IHC | PV cell density | no change | [154] Serra et al. (2020) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Juvenile | Adult | ♂ | Exercise 40 days | Subiculum | IHC | PV cell density | increased | [154] Serra et al. (2020) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Juvenile | Adult | ♂ | EE 40 days | Hilus | IHC | PV cell density | no change | [154] Serra et al. (2020) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Juvenile | Adult | ♂ | Exercise 40 days | Hilus | IHC | PV cell density | no change | [154] Serra et al. (2020) |
| PV-TRAP Mouse (C57/BL6) | Adult | Adult | ♂♀ | 18 days oral FLX 0.167 mg/ml in 1% saccharine drinking water | Subgranular zone | IHC | 5HT5A + fraction of PV cells | no change | [146] Sagi et al. (2020) |
| PV-TRAP Mouse (C57/BL6) | Adult | Adult | ♂♀ | 18 days oral FLX 0.167 mg/ml in 1% saccharine drinking water | Subgranular zone | IHC | pKv3.1b + fraction of PV cells | increased | [146] Sagi et al. (2020) |
| PV-Cre Mouse (C57/BL6) | Adult | Adult | ♂♀ | 18 days oral FLX 0.167 mg/ml in 1% saccharine drinking water; PV cell-specific 5HT5A receptor KO | Subgranular zone | IHC | pKv3.1b + fraction of PV cells | no change | [146] Sagi et al. (2020) |
| Mouse (C57/BL6) | Adolescent-adult | Adult | ♂ | Dried bonito broth (10%) intake 53 days | Hippocampus | IHC | PV cell density | increased | [74] Jargalsaikhan et al. (2017) |
| Mouse (GAD-GFP) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | IP injection of 20 mg/kg FLX daily for 2 weeks | Hippocampus | IHC; WFA stain | Total PV cell number; total PV+/PNN + cell number; PV + fraction of PNN + cells; perisomatic PV and synaptophysin puncta densities on pyramidal cells | decreased PV+/PNN + cell number and PV + fraction of PNN + cells | [63] Guirado et al., 2014 |
| Rat (Wistar) | Juvenile | Adult | ♂ | EE 40 days | Hippocampus | IHC; Western blot | PV cell density; PV protein content | no change | [154] Serra et al. (2020) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Juvenile | Adult | ♂ | Exercise 40 days | Hippocampus | IHC; Western blot | PV cell density; PV protein content | increased protein and density | [154] Serra et al. (2020) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Juvenile-adolescent | Adult | ♂ | Physical exercise 40 days | Hippocampus | Western blot | PV protein content | increased | [58] Gomes da Silva et al., 2010 |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Adolescent-adult | Adult | ♂ | Paroxetine 5 mg/kg/day injection for 12 days | Hippocampus | 2D gel then mass spectrometry proteomics on hippocampus samples | PV protein content | decreased 1.3-fold | [104] McHugh et al. (2009) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | IFS 15 min on day 0, then EE 2h/day for 30 days. Brains collected on day 46 | Hippocampus | Western blot | PV protein content | IFS reduced PV protein, EE + IFS rescued normal amount. No change for EE alone | [164] Sun et al. (2016) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | Neuregulin-1 infusion to lateral ventricles same time as ketamine 10 mg/kg IP | Hippocampus | Western blot | PV protein content | decreased by ketamine but not ketamine + neuregulin-1 | [177] Wang et al. (2014) |
| Rat (Wistar-Kyoto) | Adolescent | Adolescent | ♂ | 7h/day exposure to roman chamomile essential oil or a-pinene vapors for 14 days | Hippocampus | qPCR | PV mRNA expression | increased by roman chamomile and a-pinene | [84] Kong et al. (2017) |
| PV-TRAP Mouse (C57/BL6) | Adult | Adult | ♂♀ | 18 days oral FLX 0.167 mg/ml in 1% saccharine drinking water | Hippocampus | Translating ribosome affinity purification (TRAP) | PV cell 5HT5A receptor mRNA | no change | [146] Sagi et al. (2020) |
| PV-TRAP Mouse (C57/BL6) | Adult | Adult | ♂♀ | 18 days oral FLX 0.167 mg/ml in 1% saccharine drinking water | Hippocampus | Western blot | 5HT5A receptor protein level in membrane-bound fraction of hippocampal lysate | increased | [146] Sagi et al. (2020) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | SI 6 weeks with anhedonic rats given tianeptine 10 mg/kg/day IP for last 3 weeks | Dorsal Hippocampus | IHC | Total PV cell number | increased by tianeptine and tianeptine + SI vs their vehicle controls | [136] Peric et al. (2018) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | Lurasidone 3 mg/kg/day oral for 5 weeks | Dorsal Hippocampus | qPCR; Western blot | PV mRNA expression; PV protein content | decreased mRNA | [145] Rossetti et al. (2018) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | CMS 2 weeks, then anhedonic rats received 5 more weeks CMS + lurasidone 3 mg/kg/day oral | Dorsal Hippocampus | qPCR; Western blot | PV mRNA expression; PV protein content | no change | [145] Rossetti et al. (2018) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | Lurasidone 3 mg/kg/day oral for 5 weeks | Ventral Hippocampus | qPCR; Western blot | PV mRNA expression; PV protein content | no change | [145] Rossetti et al. (2018) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | CMS 2 weeks, then anhedonic rats received 5 more weeks CMS + lurasidone 3 mg/kg/day oral | Ventral Hippocampus | qPCR; Western blot | PV mRNA expression; PV protein content | no change | [145] Rossetti et al. (2018) |
| Sprague-Dawley rats | Adult | Adult | ♂ | Daily FS P65–P74, RS 1hr on P65, P66, P74; VPA IP 300 mg/kg or vehicle P60-74 | Ventral Hippocampus | IHC | Total PV cell number | decreased by VPA and VPA + stress at 12 weeks old; decreased by VPA + stress at 16 weeks old | [57] Gomes et al. (2019) |
| Sprague-Dawley rats | Adult | Adult | ♂ | Daily FS P65–P74, RS 1hr on P65, P66, P74; VPA IP 300 mg/kg or vehicle P60-74 | Ventral Hippocampus | IHC and WFA stain | Total PV/PNN + cell number | decreased by VPA and VPA + stress at 12 weeks old; decreased by VPA + stress at 16 weeks old | [57] Gomes et al. (2019) |
| Mouse (C57/BL6) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | FLX 10 mg/kg/day SC 24 days | Basolateral Amygdala | IHC | Total PV cell number | no change | [56] Godavarthi et al. (2014) |
| Mouse (C57/BL6) | Adolescent-adult | Adult | ♂ | Dried bonito broth (10%) intake 53 days | Basolateral Amygdala | IHC | PV cell density | increased | [74] Jargalsaikhan et al. (2017) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | EE 2 months | Basolateral Amygdala | IHC | Total PV cell number | no change | [149] Sampedro-Piquero et al. (2016) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Adolescent | Adult | ♂ | EE 35 days | Basolateral Amygdala | IHC | Total PV cell number; large and small PV cell number | increased total and small PV cell number | [173] Urakawa et al. (2013) |
| Mouse (C57/BL6) | Prenatal, early postnatal | Early postnatal; juvenile | ♂♀ | Mothers given oral FLX 11.3 mg/kg/d from GD7-P7 | Basolateral Amygdala | IHC; WHA stain | Total PV cell number; PV+/PNN + cell number; PV intensity in PV+/PNN + cells | decreased PV+/PNN + cell number at P17 but not P24; other measures unchanged | [172] Umemori et al. (2015) |
| Mouse (C57/BL6) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | 10 mg/kg/d oral FLX 30 days | Basolateral Amygdala | IHC; WFA stain | PV + fraction of PNN + cells | decreased | [77] Karpova et al. (2011) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Juvenile | Adolescent | ♀ | 1 week EE | Basolateral Amygdala | IHC; WFA stain | c-Fos + proportion of PV cells; WFA + proportion of PV cells; c-Fos + proportion of WFA + PV cells | decreased c-Fos + proportion of PV cells; decreased c-Fos + proportion of WFA + PV cells | [175] Vazquez-Sanroman et al. (2021) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Early postnatal; adolescent | Adolescent | ♀ | MS 4h/day from P2–P20; treatment with COX-2 inhibitor NS-398 (8 mg/kg) every other day IP from P30–P38; LH task P41 | Basolateral Amygdala | Western blot | PV protein content | no change | [97] Lukkes et al. (2017) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Early postnatal; adolescent | Adolescent | ♀ | MS 4h/day from P2–P20; treatment with COX-2 inhibitor NS-398 (8 mg/kg) every other day IP from P30–P38; LH task P41; allowed to witness another rat in task 1d before they did it. | Basolateral Amygdala | Western blot | PV protein content | no change | [97] Lukkes et al. (2017) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Adolescent | Adult | ♂ | EE 35 days | Lateral Amygdala | IHC | Large and small PV cell number | no change | [173] Urakawa et al. (2013) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Adolescent | Adolescent | ♂ | R- or S-ketamine 10 mg/kg IP; sacrifice 30 min later | Nucleus Accumbens | IHC | PV cell density | no change | [186] Yang et al. (2015) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Juvenile-adult | Adult | ♂♀ | SI + 7 weeks with or without 5 mg/kg/day oral apocynin | Nucleus Accumbens | IHC | PV immunoreactivity | decreased by SI alone, no change in apocynin alone or SI + apocynin | [151] Schiavone et al. (2009) |
| Rat (Wistar) | Juvenile-adult | Adult | ♂♀ | SI + 7 weeks with or without 5 mg/kg/day oral apocynin | Nucleus Accumbens | Western blot | PV protein content | decreased by SI alone, no change in apocynin alone or SI + apocynin | [151] Schiavone et al. (2009) |
| Mouse (C57/BL6) | Adolescent | Adolescent | ♂♀ | EE or EE + RS 2 h/d for 7 days | Barrel cortex | IHC | c-Fos + fraction of PV cells | increased in both | [23] Chen et al. (2018) |
| Mouse (C57/BL6) | Early postnatal | Early postnatal, adult | ♂♀ | EE from late pregnancy until P21 | Lateral Striatum | IHC and WFA stain | High-PV and low-PV cell density; high-PV and low-PV PNN + cell density | increased low-PV cell density and low-PV/PNN + cell density in early postnatal and adult mice | [124] O'Connor et al. (2019) |
| Mouse (C57/BL6) | Early postnatal | Early postnatal, adult | ♂♀ | EE from late pregnancy until P21 | Medial Striatum | IHC and WFA stain | High-PV and low-PV cell density; high-PV and low-PV PNN + cell density | increased low-PV cell density and low-PV/PNN + cell density in adults | [124] O'Connor et al. (2019) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Early postnatal; adolescent | Adolescent | ♀ | MS 4h/day from P2–P20; treatment with COX-2 inhibitor NS-398 (8 mg/kg) every other day IP from P30–P38; LH task P41 | Dorsal Raphe Nucleus | Western blot | PV protein content | increased | [97] Lukkes et al. (2017) |
| Rat (Sprague-Dawley) | Early postnatal; adolescent | Adolescent | ♀ | MS 4h/day from P2–P20; treatment with COX-2 inhibitor NS-398 (8 mg/kg) every other day IP from P30–P38; LH P41; allowed to witness another rat in task 1 day before they did it. | Dorsal Raphe Nucleus | Western blot | PV protein content | no change | [97] Lukkes et al. (2017) |
| Mouse (C57/BL6) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | FLX 15 mg/kg/day IP 3 weeks | Thalamic Reticular Nucleus | IHC and WFA stain | PV cell density; PV+/PNN + cell density; PNN + fraction of PV cells | no change | [125] Ohira et al. (2013) |
| Mouse (C57/BL6) | Adolescent-adult | Adult | ♂ | Dried bonito broth (10%) intake 53 days | Superior Colliculus | IHC | PV cell density | increased | [74] Jargalsaikhan et al. (2017) |
| Mouse (C57/BL6) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | CSD 10 days followed by 20 mg/kg/day FLX IP or vehicle for 14 days | Ventral Pallidum | Electrophysiology | Number of spikes elicited by 100 pA current injection in PV(VP-- > LHb) cells; ratio of excitatory:inhibitory inputs onto PV(VP-- > LHb) cells | CSD alone increased number of spikes in resilient and susceptible mice, prevented by FLX; decreased ratio in resilient and FLX-treated mice compared to susceptible | [83] Knowl et al. (2017) |
| Mouse (C57/BL6) | Adult | Adult | ♂ | CSD 10 days followed by 20 mg/kg/day FLX IP or vehicle for 14 days | Ventral Pallidum | Electrophysiology | Number of spikes elicited by 100 pA current injection in PV(VP-- > VTA) cells; ratio of excitatory:inhibitory inputs onto PV(VP-- > VTA) cells | decreased spike number in resilient and FLX (FLX vs. susceptible only) mice but not susceptible; ratio increased in susceptible mice | [83] Knowl et al. (2017) |
Studies of particular significance are bolded. Mouse and rat life stages were defined as the following: early postnatal: P0-19 (postnatal day 0–19, where day of birth is P0; juvenile: P20-30; adolescent: P31-60; and adult: P61+. Abbreviations: CLZ: clozapine; CNO: clozapine N-oxide; CMS: chronic mild stress; CNO: clozapine N-oxide; CSD: chronic social defeat; CSPG: chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan; CUS: chronic unpredictable stress; DREADD: designer receptor exclusively activated by designer drugs; EE: environmental enrichment; FLX: fluoxetine; IFS: inescapable foot shocks; IHC: immunohistochemistry; IL-10: interleukin-10; IP: intraperitoneal; LHb: lateral habenula; mRNA: messenger ribonucleic acid; MS: maternal separation; qPCR: quantitative polymerase chain reaction; RS: restraint stress; SI: social isolation; SC: subcutaneous; VP: ventral pallidum; VPA: valproic acid; VTA: ventral tegmental area; WFA: Wisteria floribunda agglutinin.