Table 4.
Hierarchical Linear Regression Models
| Total Number of COVID‐19 Cases | COVID‐19 Cases per 1000 People | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Effect | SE | Effect | SE | |
| Fixed Effects (Level 1) | ||||
| Intercept (Outcome variable) γ 00 | .09 | .06 | .05 | .06 |
| Negative peace γ 10 | −.57*** | .02 | .03 | .02 |
| Neighborhood desegregation γ 20 | −.08*** | .02 | −.10*** | .02 |
| Income equality γ 30 | −.05* | .02 | .01 | .02 |
| Employment γ 40 | .05 | .02 | −.04 | .03 |
| High‐school Graduation γ 50 | −.01 | .02 | −.04 | .02 |
| Percentage of people over 50 γ 60 | .07** | .02 | −.03 | .02 |
| Percentage of BIPOC γ 70 | .20*** | .03 | .44*** | .03 |
| Republican/Democrat ratio γ 80 | .11*** | .01 | .05*** | .01 |
| Population density γ 90 | .01* | .01 | .01 | .01 |
| Residual Variances | ||||
| VarianceCounty | .72*** | .02 | .85*** | .02 |
| VarianceState | .17*** | .04 | .17*** | .04 |
| Intraclass correlation (ρ) | .13 | .16 | ||
| Model Fit Comparisons | ||||
| 2 Log Likelihood (df) | 1619.20 (3)*** | 1004.48 (3)*** | ||
All model fit comparisons are relative to the unconditional model. All predictors were group mean centered.
*
p < .05;
**
p < .01;
***
p < .005.