TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics by study groups
| Control group (n = 30) | OEP group (n = 29) | χ 2 | p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (year) | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 84.75 (5.41) | 84.59 (4.21) | −0.150 a | .988 |
| Sex, n (%) | ||||
| Male | 12 (40) | 5 (17.2) | 3.724 | .054 |
| Female | 18 (60) | 24 (82.8) | ||
| BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 22.91 (4.31) | 23.71 (3.31) | −0.795 a | .430 |
| Marriage status, n (%) | ||||
| Widowed | 8 (26.7) | 2 (6.9) | 2.810 b | .094 |
| Married | 22 (73.3) | 27 (93.1) | ||
| Education level, n (%) | ||||
| Primary school or below | 12 (40) | 7 (24.1) | 4.515 | .211 |
| Junior high school | 3 (10) | 8 (27.6) | ||
| Senior high school | 7 (23.3) | 9 (31) | ||
| College degree or above | 8 (26.7) | 5 (17.2) | ||
| Religion, n (%) | 6 (20) | 6 (20.7) | 0.004 | .948 |
| Comorbidity, n (%) | ||||
| Hypertenson | 19 (63.3) | 21 (72.4) | 0.557 | .456 |
| Heart disease | 12 (40) | 15 (51.7) | 0.817 | .366 |
| Cataracts | 3 (10) | 8 (27.6) | 3.007 | .083 |
| Insomnia, n (%) | 13 (43.3) | 11 (37.9) | 0.178 | .673 |
| Using walking aid, n (%) | 11 (36.7) | 11 (37.9) | 0.010 | .920 |
| Physical frailty (score) | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 2.23 (1.04) | 2.23 (0.98) | 0.131 a | .895 |
| MoCA (scores) | ||||
| Mean (SD) | 21.67 (2.30) | 21.21 (2.77) | 0.694 a | .491 |
Abbreviations: BMI, Body mass index; MoCA, Montreal Cognitive Assessment.
a
Independent t test.
b
Fisher's exact test