Table 1.

Specifications of current commercial micro-CT scanners. Notes: Only representative ex vivo scanners for biological samples are included in this cable. Additional ex vivo, industrial, and nano-CT scanners are available from manufacturers like Nikon, Zeiss, Werth, Yxlon, Rigaku, and Bruker. Discontinued product lines from GE and Siemens are excluded from this table.

Type	Scanner Manufacturer/Model	Diameter FOV (mm)	Length (mm)	Spatial Res.	kVp	Scanning Time	Gating	Other Characteristics
Ex Vivo Systems	Bruker SkyScan 1272	75 mm	70 mm	Max. 0.4 μm	20 – 100 kVp	Mins to hrs depending on resolution	Not needed for ex vivo imaging	- 16-position sample changer to increase throughput - Automatic selection of scan parameters
	Scanco μCT 40	36.9 mm	80 mm	3–72 μm (pixel size)	30–70 kVp	Mins to hrs depending on resolution	Not needed for ex vivo imaging	- Optional sample changer that accommodates up to 10 sample holders
In Vivo Systems	Bruker SkyScan 1278	80 mm	200 mm	50 μm nominal res.	20–65 kVp	-Continuous rotation or step-and-shoot mode -Scanning time down to 7.2 sec	- Prospective and retrospective gating, image-based intrinsic gating - Complete software solution for cardiac function analysis in 4D	- GPU-accelerated reconstruction - 2D/3D morphological analysis and visualization - Exchangeable animal cassettes that can be used in all Bruker in-vivo imaging instruments. - Low-dose acquisitions down to 6 mGy - 4-position automatic filter changer
	Bruker SkyScan 1276	80 mm	300 mm	Max. 2.8 μm	20–100 kVp	Scanning time down to 3.9 sec	Prospective and retrospective, time and image based intrinsic gating	- In vivo micro-CT scanner with ex vivo imaging capabilities - Circular and helical (spiral) scanning trajectory - s/w for cardiac image analysis
	PerkinElmer Quantum GX2	FOVs: 18, 36, 72, and 86 mm	240 mm	Preset high res. mode: 2.3 μm voxel size	Max: 90 kVp	Preset high speed mode: 3.9 sec	- Intrinsic retrospective gating - Dual phase respiratory and cardiac gating	- Multi-modal co-registration (from IVIS Spectrum or FMT) with micro-CT imaging data. - Multispecies imaging capabilities (zebrafish, mouse, rat, guinea pig, rabbit)
	MiLabs U-CT	Up to 130 mm	Up to 712 mm	Max 2.4 μm voxel size	65 kVp (80 kVp optional)	Down to 5 sec for total body mouse	- Sensor free respiratory and cardiac gating for up to four mice simultaneously - Optional: sensor based respiratory and cardiac gating	- Radiation dose: < 2 mGy - Circular and helical scanning - Dual energy CT - X-ray fluoroscopy - Imaging from small samples up to 5 kg rabbits - Capability to image in an over- or under-pressure cell for immunocompromised or infected animals from mice up to rabbits - Upgradable with PET, SPECT, and 3D CT-guided optical imaging in any combination
	Inviscan IRIS and IRIS-XL	> 90 mm	120 mm	< 30 μm		Scan time: < 7.3 s (ultra-fast mode), 20 s (speed mode), 1 min (high resolution scan)	- Dynamic 4D acquisition - Software based respiratory and cardiac gating	- Low dose: < 6.5 mGy - Either standalone of combined with micro- PET
	Molecubes, X-Cube	35 mm	63 mm	50 μm		< 1 min fastest scan	Gating is available	- Iterative reconstruction techniques - Multimodal small animal bed allows for easy and modular multimodal imaging with SPECT and PET
In Vivo Hybrid Systems (multi-modality)	Medico nanoScan	100 mm	120 mm	30 μm	Up to 80 W		Not available	- Multiple animal imaging: up to 4×60 g mice 2×500 g rats - Mainly combined with PET or SPECT - Low dose down to 1 mSv for whole body scan
	Sofie Gnext PET-CT	104 mm	120 mm	50 μm	25–80 kVp	1 min, fastest scan	Not available	- Combined with PET - Single and multi-mouse imaging, rat and small non-human primate imaging
	PerkinElmer G8 PET / CT	100 mm	50 mm	200 μm	59 kVp	sub-minute CT scan	Not available	- Combined with PET - Fully-integrated animal management system and 3-clicks-to-data workflow - Average dose: 50.1 mGy
	Bruker Albira Si	70 mm	70 mm	90 μm with minimum 5 μm voxel	10 – 50 kVp	minutes	Not available	- Combined with PET and/or SPECT - Dynamic 2D X-ray mode for fluoroscopic imaging
	Bruker Si78 PET/CT	70 mm	200 mm	Max 50 μm	20–65 kVp maintenance-free X-ray source	fastest total body scan: 7.2 sec	Gated PET and CT imaging for cardiac imaging or respiration triggering	- Low dose scanning < 6 mGy - Radiation shielding: < 1 μSv/h at 10 cm from surface
	Sedecal SuperArgus Compact PET/CT	100 mm	50 mm	50–100 μm		−15 sec	Available for PET	- Combined with PET - 3 models available r – 100 mm bore for mouse, rats or marmosets up to 3 kg; R – 160 mm bore for multi-animal imaging, as well as rabbits up to 6 kg; or P – 260 mm bore for non-human primates, canine or porcine up to 10 kg. Each model can be configured with 2, 4, or 6 PET rings
	MRSolutions MRS*PET/CT 80	112 mm	80 mm	Up to 18 μm	40–90 kVp	minutes	Not available	- Uses MRS*PET CLIP-ON technology - Variable zoom - Dual Energy - Suitable for both in-vivo and ex-vivo applications
Photon Counting Systems	Mars Bioimaging Preclinical Spectral CT System	100 mm	280 mm	30–100 μm (user selects)	30–120 kVp	8 mins for 30 × 15 mm volume	Not available	- Uses photon counting detector with 8 energy bins - Detector constructed from CZT-Medipix3RX detector modules with 110-μm2 pixels - Charge summing mode improves spectral measurement accuracy - Radiation dose: 20–80 mGy