Table 3.

Summary of data acquisition and reconstruction parameters for the figures in this work. PCD: Photon Counting Detector. EID: Energy Integrating Detector.

Figure	Scanner Model	Acquisition and Reconstruction	Contrast Agent(s)	Voxel Size (Resolution)	Reported Dose
1	CosmoScan FX Rigaku Corporation	- 2 min. at 90 kVp, 88 μA, FOV 45 mm - CosmoScan Database software	N/A	90 μm	Not reported
2	- Custom-built system within a refurbished clinical CT gantry - Dexela 2923 MAM EID, Perkin Elmer Inc. - L10951 source, Hamamatsu Photonics K. K.	- 5 min. at 60 kVp, 50 W - 11.7 ms exposure per projection - 10 cardiac, 4 respiratory phases - Intrinsic gating - Motion compensated reconstruction [10] - Post-reconstruction denoising [11]	ExiTron nano 12,000 (Ba based), nanoPET Pharma GmbH	<75 μm (10% MTF: 7.5 lp/mm)	5 Gy (0.5–2 Gy results also demonstrated)
3	- Custom-built ex vivo scanner - Rotating specimen geometry - XCounter Thor PCD, Direct Conversion AB - L9181-02 source, Hamamatsu Photonics K. K.	- 2 h at 80 kVp, 0.2 mA - Helical acquisition with 2.5 cm vertical translation (1070 projections, 1070°) - Split Bregman algebraic reconstruction regularized with rank-sparse kernel regression [12]	BriteVu (Ba based), Scarlet Imaging	38 μm (10% MTF: 6.5–7.1 lp/mm)	N/A (ex vivo)
4	- Custom dual-source, dual-energy in vivo scanner - Vertical subject geometry - Dexela 1512CL EID (CsI), Perkin Elmer Inc. - G-297 sources, Varex Imaging	- Chain 1: 40 kVp, 50 mA, 25 ms - Chain 2: 80 kVp, 40 mA, 10 ms - Circular scan (360 projections, 360°) - Analytical reconstruction - Post-reconstruction denoising with joint bilateral filtration [13]	- Iodine liposomes [14] – 15 nm AuroVist gold nanoparticles	63 μm (10% MTF: 3.4 lp/mm)	57 mGy
5A	Same as Fig. 4	- Chain 1: 40 kVp, 50 mA, 25 ms - Chain 2: 50 kVp, 80 mA, 12.5 ms - Circular scan (720 projections, 360°) - Split Bregman algebraic reconstruction regularized with rank-sparse kernel regression [12]	- Iodine liposomes [14] - Gadolinium liposomes [15]	123 μm (10% MTF: 3.4 lp/mm)	162 mGy
5B	- Custom-built in vivo scanner - Vertical subject geometry - SANTIS 0804 ME prototype PCD, Dectris AG - G-297 source, Varex Imaging	- 3 min. at 80 KVp, 2 mA, 200 ms - Helical acquisition, 1.25 cm vertical translation (900 projections, 1070°) - Energy thresholds: 25, 34, 50, 60 keV - Split Bregman algebraic reconstruction regularized with rank-sparse kernel regression [12]	- Iodine liposomes [14] - Gadolinium liposomes [15]	123 μm (10% MTF: 3.5 lp/mm)	43 mGy
6	Same as Fig. 5B	- 90 sec. at 80 KVp, 5 mA, 10 ms - Helical acquisition, 1.25 cm vertical translation (9000 projections, 1070°) - 10 cardiac phases, retrospective gating - Energy thresholds: 25, 34, 40, 55 keV - Split Bregman algebraic reconstruction regularized with rank-sparse kernel regression [12]	- Iodine liposomes [14] – 15 nm AuroVist gold nanoparticles	123 μm (10% MTF: 2.8–3.0 lp/mm depending on energy threshold)	190 mGy
7	Similar to Fig. 4		- Iodine liposomes [14]
8	- Edge-illumination XPC imaging - Pixirad-2 PCD [16] - MicroMax-007 HF, Rigaku source (Mo anode) - 30 μm Mo source filter	- 18 h at 40 kVp, 30 mA, 1 s - 1441 projection angles over 360° - 5 phase steps, 4 dithering steps per angle - Reconstruction with filtered backprojection (Hilbert filter for phase) - Sample translation during scanning to reduce ring artifacts	N/A	(19 μm FWHM)	Not measured (lower dose 300 mGy scan also presented)
9	Same CT data as in Fig. 6	- Only 25 keV threshold data used for 4D CNN training - 10 cardiac phases, retrospective gating - Split Bregman algebraic reconstruction regularized with rank-sparse kernel regression [12] (Fig. 9B; CNN training labels; 9000 projections over 1070°) - Unregularized algebraic reconstruction (Fig. 9C; CNN training inputs; subsampled to 2250 projections over 1070°)		123 μm (10% MTF: 2.7 lp/mm, 4D CNN output, Fig. 9D)
10	- Non-contrast scans: TomoScope Duo commercial scanner, formerly CT Imaging GmbH - Contrast-enhanced scans: InSyTe μCT commercial scanner, Trifoil Imaging	- Non-contrast scans: 90 sec. per scan, 65 kVp, 1 mA; 720 projections over 360° - Contrast-enhanced scans: 75 kVp, 230 ms; 207 projections over 360°	- No contrast or ExiTron nano 6000 (Ba based), nanoPET Pharma GmbH	- Non-contrast scans: 80 μm spatial resolution reported - Contrast scans: 280 μm voxels - Segmentations processed with 240 μm voxels	Not reported